Saga of monokines in shaping tumour-immune microenvironment: Origin to execution

Macrophage subsets and their role: co-relation with colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor and clinical relevance

“…They express high levels of mannose receptor (CD206) and the decoy receptor IL-1R as well as the IL-1R antagonist and produce pro-fibrotic factors such as the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), thus actively suppressing inflammation and promoting repair. Markers and effectors associated with M2 polarization include STAT6, GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3), suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CD163, and CD36, found in inflammatory zone 1 (FIZZ1), matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs), and arginase 1 [ 4 , 47 , 49 ]. The increased arginase activity results in the production of polyamines and collagen and favors tissue remodeling and wound healing[ 50 ].…”

“…M2d macrophages are one of the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) [ 49 ]. These are induced by TLR ligands and A2 adenosine receptor (A2R) agonists, or by IL-6; they secrete high levels of IL-10, TGF-β, VEGF, and low IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-1β and contribute to tumor angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis.…”

“…The M2 macrophages are required to subdue the deleterious effects of the inflammatory storm and to save the host from sustained inflammation. But tumor cells create their microenvironment and evade the host immune response by immunomodulating strategies like the generation of pre-cancerous macrophage phenotype [ 49 ]. The macrophage phenotype primarily associated with tumors is known as TAM [ 49 , 102 ].…”

“…But tumor cells create their microenvironment and evade the host immune response by immunomodulating strategies like the generation of pre-cancerous macrophage phenotype [ 49 ]. The macrophage phenotype primarily associated with tumors is known as TAM [ 49 , 102 ].…”

“…3 ). TAMs secrete cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β to suppress T cell-dependent antitumor functions [ 41 , 49 , 57 , 103 – 105 ]. The bone marrow-derived, circulating inflammatory Ly6C + CCR2 + monocytes give rise to TAMs [ 106 ].…”