Safety profile of conjugated linoleic acid in a 12-month trial in obese humans

Whigham, Leah D.; O’Shea, Marianne; Mohede, Inge; Walaski, Heidi P.; Atkinson, Robert K.

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2004.06.008

Cited by 93 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Of six recent studies including similar measures of liver function, only Gaullier et al 10,11 showed significant within-group increases in AST. [8][9][10][11]13,29 However, this increase in AST was not significantly different from the control group and was not accompanied by changes in ALT or bilirubin. 10,11 Malpuech et al 29 measured liver size by ultrasound and concluded that CLA had no effect on liver ultrastructure or morphology and no evidence of hepatic lipodystrophy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 61%

“…7,8,12,13 Berven et al 8 found no significant effect on fat mass with a protocol of 3.4 g/day CLA for 12 weeks, although a trend was observed for body fat to decrease with CLA (0.9 kg) and increase with placebo (0.3 kg). In this study, body composition was assessed with BIA, a method that may be less precise in overweight adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…24 In addition, the study length was possibly too short for an effect to be observed. A commonality among the three remaining studies in overweight adults that did not find an effect of CLA on body fat was the inclusion of a weight loss component: Whigham et al 13 included a 12-week very low-calorie diet (VLCD); Kamphius et al 12 utilized a 3-week VLCD; and Atkinson 7 included a diet and exercise regimen during 6 months of treatment. Possibly, the effect of calorie restriction for weight loss in prior studies introduced variability in body weight and body composition change and masked the effect of CLA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Proposed mechanisms have included increased fat mobilization and oxidation, reduced adipocyte proliferation and differentiation, and increased apoptosis in pre-adipocytes. 6 Despite clear evidence that CLA reduces body fat in animals, the effect of CLA supplementation on body composition in humans has been inconsistent: of seven studies that have evaluated body composition change with mixed-isomer CLA among overweight or obese adults, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] only three have shown a significant reduction in fat mass. [9][10][11] The conflicting results in human versus animal studies have been attributed to factors such as lower doses per unit body weight; the use of young, growing animals versus adult humans; and the limited sensitivity and accuracy of in vivo body composition measures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of conjugated linoleic acid in reducing body fat and preventing holiday weight gain

et al. 2006

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Objective: The incidence of obesity and overweight in the US has increased considerably during the past two decades and currently affects 65% of the adult population. Research has indicated that small, yet irreversible, gains during the holiday season contribute to increases in weight during adulthood. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a naturally occurring dietary fatty acid, has been found to reduce weight gain and dramatically decrease fat mass in animals. Although research in humans has shown inconsistent results, most studies have been of insufficient duration or have utilized body composition methods that are less accurate than the currently accepted criterion. Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 3.2 g/day CLA for 6 months. Subjects: Forty healthy, overweight subjects (age: 18-44 years; body mass index: 25-30 kg/m 2 ). Measurements: Body composition by the four-compartment model, resting metabolic rate (RMR) by indirect calorimetry, selfreported physical activity and dietary intake, and blood chemistries were determined at baseline and after 6 months. Body weight was measured monthly during the pre-holiday season (August-October), holiday season (November-December) and post-holiday season (January-March). Adverse events were assessed monthly. Results: Compared to CLA, the placebo group showed a greater rate of weight gain during the holiday season (P ¼ 0.01). Within the placebo group, holiday weight change was significantly greater compared to the pre-holiday period (August-October) (P ¼ 0.03). Six-month change in body composition was improved with CLA compared to placebo (P ¼ 0.02), and body fat was significantly reduced within the CLA group (À1.072.2 kg, P ¼ 0.05). CLA had no effect on RMR, physical activity or dietary intake. The rate of reported negative emotions decreased significantly with CLA, although there was no difference in any other category of adverse event. In comparison to the placebo, CLA did not affect insulin resistance, blood lipids and markers of liver function or markers of inflammation, with the exception of a significant decrease in a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction. Conclusion: CLA supplementation among overweight adults significantly reduced body fat over 6 months and prevented weight gain during the holiday season. Although no adverse effects were seen, additional studies should evaluate the effect of prolonged use of CLA.

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confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of conjugated linoleic acid in reducing body fat and preventing holiday weight gain

et al. 2006

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“…Moreover, it can even be produced synthetically by partial hydrogenation of linoleic acid (20,25) . The main dietary sources of CLA are ruminant meats such as beef and lamb, and dairy products such as milk and cheese (11,(14)(15)(16)19,20,23,24,29) . The mean CLA intake is estimated at 0·3-2·6 g/d and daily intake of CLA through natural sources is 160 mg/d approximately (22,30) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Association of foods enriched in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and CLA supplements with lipid profile in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Derakhshande-Rishehri

Mansourian

Kelishadi

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: The present study aimed to review the association of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) consumption in two forms, foods enriched in CLA and CLA supplements, with serum lipid profile in human studies. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Setting: Search process was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Scopus and Science Direct. Clinical trials that investigated the association of CLA intakes either in the form of supplements or enriched foods with lipid profile in healthy adults were included. All outcomes were recorded as continuous variables, and the effect size was measured by analysis of the mean and standard deviation before and after the intervention for case and control groups. Subjects: Healthy adult population. Results: CLA supplementation was associated with a significant decrease in LDL cholesterol (mean difference = − 0·218; 95 % CI − 0·358, − 0·077; P = 0·002), a nonsignificant decrease in HDL cholesterol (mean difference = − 0·051; 95 % CI − 0·188, 0·086; P = 0·468), a non-significant increase in total cholesterol (mean difference = 0·009; 95 % CI − 0·128, 0·146; P = 0·896) and a non-significant decrease in TAG (mean difference = − 0·065; 95 % CI − 0·20, 0·07; P = 0·344). Foods enriched with CLA were associated with significantly decreased LDL cholesterol (mean difference = − 0·231; 95 % CI − 0·438, − 0·024; P = 0·028), non-significantly increased HDL-C (mean difference = 0·075; 95 % CI − 0·121, 0·270; P = 0·455), non-significantly decreased total cholesterol (mean difference = − 0·158; 95 % CI − 0·349, 0·042; P = 0·124) and non-significantly decreased TAG (mean difference = − 0·078; 95 % CI − 0·274, 0·117; P = 0·433). Conclusions: According to our analysis, consumption of foods enriched with CLA or CLA supplements has favourable effects on LDL cholesterol levels.

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Dietary Lipids and Physiological Function

Kitts

2020

Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products

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The association between dietary fat intake and chronic disease has been researched for more than 60 years. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be a leading cause of global mortality, accounting for 17.3 million deaths in 2013, equivalent to 31.5% of total deaths. One out of every three deaths in the United States is attributed to heart disease, stroke, or other forms of CVD; an estimated average of one death every second and more than 330 billion dollars in health expenditures and lost productivity. Moreover, the incidence of obesity has doubled from 1980 to 2015 in more than 40 countries and is associated with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular (atherosclerosis) and type 2 diabetes. Selecting diets that provide energy from monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are also beneficial to consumer health. Fats and oils are the source of many nonesterified fatty acids that act as signaling molecules to regulate gene expression that controls body homeostasis, including lipid metabolism. This article describes how dietary fats and oils, and related derived products are involved in chemical and biochemical mechanisms that define the safety and toxicity of dietary lipid consumption.

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Safety profile of conjugated linoleic acid in a 12-month trial in obese humans

Cited by 93 publications

References 46 publications

The role of conjugated linoleic acid in reducing body fat and preventing holiday weight gain

The role of conjugated linoleic acid in reducing body fat and preventing holiday weight gain

Association of foods enriched in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and CLA supplements with lipid profile in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Dietary Lipids and Physiological Function

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