Safety evaluation of butylated hydroxyanisole from the perspective of effects on forestomach and oesophageal squamous epithelium

Grice, H. C.

doi:10.1016/0278-6915(88)90072-5

Cited by 382 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…7 The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has evaluated 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA) and found sufficient evidence for its carcinogenicity in experimental animals. 8,9 Though the effect of BHT consumption on human health still remained controversial, 10,11 some BHT metabolites may pose a health risk as they were reported to generate peroxides in mice and rats and may induce cellular DNA damage or have the capacity to be cancer initiators. 12 Few studies have investigated the occurrence of SPA analogues in the environment, among which the pollution of BHT received the most attention.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Major Metabolites in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Liu

Song

Lin

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are one group of widely used additive chemicals, which have not yet had focused attention except for a few compounds such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). In this study, the occurrence and composition profiles of 12 frequently used SPAs and three BHT metabolites were investigated in fifty-six sludge samples collected from individual wastewater treatment plants in China. Eleven SPAs were positively found in the sludge samples, in which, to our knowledge, eight SPA compounds were identified for the first time in the environment. BHT, 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tOP), and 2,4,6-tri-tert-bultylphenol (AO 246) were the most dominant SPAs in the sludge at mean concentrations of 4.14 μg/g, 374 ng/g, and 98.1 ng/g d.w. (dry weight). Meanwhile, three BHT metabolites, including 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (BHT-CHO), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q), and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone (BHT-quinol), were also found in most of the samples (>98.2%) with mean concentrations of 141, 562, and 225 ng/g d.w., respectively. The activated sludge system (anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic tanks) of a wastewater treatment plant was further investigated for the removal efficiencies of the SPAs. High removal efficiencies (80.1−89.2%) were found for the six detected SPAs in the aqueous phase, while generation of large proportions of the three BHT metabolites was also observed.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Major Metabolites in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Liu

Song

Lin

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…However, most of these drugs have side effects such as liver damage and bradycardia (Dökmeci 2000). Synthetic antioxidants also caused liver damage and carcinogenesis in rats (Grice 1988;Ito et al 1983). That provoked scientists to search new natural and harmless antioxidants, as well as anticholinesterase compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemicals from Dodonaea viscosa and their antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities with structure–activity relationships

Akhtar¹,

Tel‐Çayan

Nadeem

et al. 2016

Pharmaceutical Biology

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Context Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq (Sapindaceae) has been used in traditional medicine as antimalarial, antidiabetic and antibacterial agent, but further investigations are needed. Objective This study determines the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of six compounds (1-6) and two crystals (1A and 3A) isolated from D. viscosa, and discusses their structure-activity relationships. Materials and methods Antioxidant activity was evaluated using six complementary tests, i.e., b-carotene-linoleic acid; DPPH , ABTS + , superoxide scavenging, CUPRAC and metal chelating assays. Anticholinesterase activity was performed using the Elman method. Results Clerodane diterpenoids (1 and 2) and phenolics (3-6) -together with three crystals (1A, 3A and 7A) -were isolated from the aerial parts of D. viscosa. Compound 3A exhibited good antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC 50 : 27.44 ± 1.06 mM), superoxide (28.18 ± 1.35% inhibition at 100 mM) and CUPRAC (A 0.5 : 35.89 ± 0.09 mM) assays. Compound 5 (IC 50 : 11.02 ± 0.02 mM) indicated best activity in ABTS assay, and 6 (IC 50 : 14.30 ± 0.18 mM) in b-carotene-linoleic acid assay. Compounds 1 and 3 were also obtained in the crystal (1A and 3A) form. Both crystals showed antioxidant activity. Furthermore, crystal 3A was more active than 3 in all activity tests. Phenol 6 possessed moderate anticholinesterase activity against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes (IC 50 values: 158.14 ± 1.65 and 111.60 ± 1.28 mM, respectively). Discussion and conclusion This is the first report on antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of compounds 1, 2, 5, 6, 1A and 3A, and characterisation of 7A using XRD. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationships are also discussed in detail for the first time.ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…Antioxidants, which can inhibit or delay the oxidation of an oxidizable substrate in a chain reaction, would therefore seem to be very important in the prevention of these diseases (Praticò and Delanty, 2000). However, although synthetic antioxidants are widely used, their side effects are of the public concern (Grice, 1988). Thus, there has been increasing interest in finding natural, effective, and safe antioxidants, since they may protect the human body from free radicals and retard the progress of many chronic diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro antioxidant activity and potential inhibitory action against α-glucosidase of polysaccharides from fruit peel of tea (Camellia sinensis L.)

Wang

et al. 2014

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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Abstract:The conditions for extracting polysaccharides from tea (Camellia sinensis L.) fruit peel (TFPPs) were studied. Three parameters (temperature, time, and liquid/solid ratio) affecting the extraction of TFPP were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimized conditions, the yield of TFPP was predicted to be 4.98%. The physicochemical properties, in vitro antioxidant activities, and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase of fractionated TFPPs (TFPP-0, TFPP-20, TFPP-40, and TFPP-60) were investigated. We found that the TFPPs were all acid protein-bound heteropolysaccharides, although with different chemical compositions. They had not only remarkable scavenging activity on 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and reducing activity, but also excellent inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase in vitro. Our results suggest that tea fruit peel could be treated as a potential bioresource for the development of polysaccharide antioxidants.

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Safety evaluation of butylated hydroxyanisole from the perspective of effects on forestomach and oesophageal squamous epithelium

Cited by 382 publications

References 14 publications

Occurrence of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Major Metabolites in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Occurrence of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Major Metabolites in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Phytochemicals from Dodonaea viscosa and their antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities with structure–activity relationships

In vitro antioxidant activity and potential inhibitory action against α-glucosidase of polysaccharides from fruit peel of tea (Camellia sinensis L.)

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