2008
DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2007.12.003
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Safety Assurance in Obstetrical Ultrasound

Abstract: Safety assurance for diagnostic ultrasound in obstetrics began with a tacit assumption of safety allowed by a federal law enacted in 1976 for then-existing medical ultrasound equipment. The implementation of the 510(k) pre-market approval process for diagnostic ultrasound resulted in the establishment of guideline upper limits for several examination categories in 1985. The obstetrical category has undergone substantial evolution from initial limits (I. e., 46 mW/cm 2 spatial peak temporal average (SPTA) inten… Show more

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Cited by 80 publications
(50 citation statements)
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“…Safety considerations in diagnostic ultrasound have been broadly published in numerous science and review papers 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 . Professional organisations such as the ASUM 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , American Institute for Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) 15 , British Medical Ultrasound Society (BMUS) 16 , 17 and others provide prolific references to the safe use of ultrasound, ALARA and in some cases, recommended TI and MI values 17 .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Safety considerations in diagnostic ultrasound have been broadly published in numerous science and review papers 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 . Professional organisations such as the ASUM 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , American Institute for Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) 15 , British Medical Ultrasound Society (BMUS) 16 , 17 and others provide prolific references to the safe use of ultrasound, ALARA and in some cases, recommended TI and MI values 17 .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1. 6 For the generation of high power ultrasound, high electromechanical coupling k ij and mechanical quality factor Q m of piezoelectric transducers are desired, where the high electromechanical coupling factor permits effective energy conversion from electrical energy to mechanical energy, while the high mechanical quality factor reduces heat generation under high power operation. The electroacoustic power efficiency is also improved with increasing vibration velocity (v) of a piezoelectric material, which is related to the acoustic output power, and proportional to the product of electromechanical coupling and mechanical quality factor.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…But, it seems to be difficult to use a higher intensity with 3 Mhz frequency of LIUPS, because intensity of LIPUS is defined as the range of intensity 0.5 to 50 mW/cm 2 . In addition, it was reported 100 mW/cm 2 statement value was the upper limits in the safety statement made by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) 26) . In the case of LIPUS exposure for human extracted socket, these effects need to reach deeper area than this animal model.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%