Safety and efficacy of live and inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines

Abstract

Two commercial live virus infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccines for intranasal administration and an inactivated polyvalent calf pneumonia vaccine were compared for safety and efficacy in calves against experimental IBR infections. All three products were clinically safe for use in young calves; a mild, transient, febrile response was induced by one of the live vaccines. Vaccinal virus was recovered for up to 16 days after vaccination from nasal secretions of all calves given live vaccine. Both live vaccines stimulated a serum neutralising antibody response, but the inactivated vaccine failed to elicit any serological response. Following intranasal challenge four months after the first dose of vaccine, all live virus vaccinates remained systemically healthy. A slight nasal discharge and a few rapidly healing ulcers of the nasal mucosa were the only abnormalities observed. Both the group given the inactivated vaccine and the unvaccinated controls developed clinical IBR with pyrexia, ocular and nasal discharges, severe ulceration of the nasal mucosa and tracheitis and tachypnoea to varying degrees of severity. Parenteral administration of dexamethasone six months after challenge induced reactivation of virus shedding followed by a rise in humoral antibody titre irrespective of the original vaccination history.

Virus detection by PCR following vaccination of naive calves with intranasal or injectable multivalent modified-live viral vaccines

“…Geometric mean virus neutralizing antibody titers against bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2 (BVDV-1, -2), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3) following vaccination with a multivalent modified-live viral (MLV) intranasal vaccine (group 1) or a multivalent MLV parenteral vaccine (group 2 response by 28 dpv, with an antibody titer of 4. In contrast, all group 2 calves had a measurable antibody response by day 28; however, antibody titers were generally low (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). All calves in both groups developed a measurable antibody response to BRSV, with group 2 calves possessing higher antibody concentrations than group 1.…”

Genital immunization of heifers with a glycoprotein Edeleted, recombinant bovine herpesvirus 1 strain confers protection upon challenge with a virulent isolate

“…Although rare after parenteral (IM, SC) administration, virus shedding is a frequently observed finding after IN and IV vaccination (Kit et al 1986, Frerichs et al 1982, Kaashoek et al 1996. In our experiment, the excreted virus apparently did not suffice to assure virus transmission since a susceptible heifer kept in close contact remained seronegative.…”

Evaluation of shedding of bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, and bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 after vaccination of calves with a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine

“…A limited number of studies [24][25][26] have assessed viral shedding after vaccination of cattle with modified-live virus vaccines. Although some aspects of those reports were similar to results of our study, the viral strains used in the vaccine, as well as the inclusion of BVDV2, were different.…”