“…However, set #2 + CP10 is strongly recommended for safety reasons. Furthermore, the content of carbamide peroxide in the present study is in agreement with Ref [ 3 , 4 ], indicating that our bleaching agent in a solution form is a possible alternative to bleaching agents in gel and strip forms which is both highly safe and systematically effective. Fig.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 91%
“…However, effects of current bleaching agents on the dental enamels under the suitable concentrations are still under discussion. De Geus et al have reported that 10% carbamide peroxide in a gel form gave similar bleaching results in smokers and non-smokers [3]. Oliveira et al have reported that about 10% carbamide peroxide in a strip form was effectively used for smokers and drinkers [4].…”
Background: Surface staining and deeper discoloration characteristics of peroxide-based bleaching agents in the nicotine stain in dental enamel model were evaluated in the present study. Methods: Nicotine stained dental enamel fragments (n = 36) were prepared and were subjected to the bleaching ingredients for a fixed treatment time of 30 min. The bleaching agents were composed of limonene, coconut diethanolamide, and carbamide peroxide served as solvent, nonionic surfactant, and oxidizer, respectively. Optical analysis was carried out considering color stability via colorimeter and UV-Vis spectrometer. Results: Degrees of color variations were significantly influenced by nicotine content and bleaching ingredient factors. They varied in the range of approximately 3.00 and 5.00 units for all tooth-bleaching agents. The most prominent degrees of color variation elevations were obtained in the tooth bleaching formulae set #2 (1.0% limonene + 20% coconut diethanolamide) in the stained tooth model in comparison to set #1 (0.5% limonene + 10% coconut diethanolamide) and set #3 (1.5% limonene + 30% coconut diethanolamide), partly due to the perceptible color changes. The lowest degree of color variation under a dose limitation was found in the tooth bleaching formulae set #2 + 10% carbamide peroxide formulation. Absorbance spectra were also evaluated after the interaction of bleaching treatment. They confirmed a relationship between nicotine content and discoloration characteristics of the tooth bleaching formulae set #2 + 10% carbamide peroxide. Conclusions: Carbamide peroxide is considered as generator of free radicals. It converts the color of stains to clear by oxidizing the organic compounds in the stained dental enamel model, achieving whiteness enhancement.
“…However, set #2 + CP10 is strongly recommended for safety reasons. Furthermore, the content of carbamide peroxide in the present study is in agreement with Ref [ 3 , 4 ], indicating that our bleaching agent in a solution form is a possible alternative to bleaching agents in gel and strip forms which is both highly safe and systematically effective. Fig.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 91%
“…However, effects of current bleaching agents on the dental enamels under the suitable concentrations are still under discussion. De Geus et al have reported that 10% carbamide peroxide in a gel form gave similar bleaching results in smokers and non-smokers [3]. Oliveira et al have reported that about 10% carbamide peroxide in a strip form was effectively used for smokers and drinkers [4].…”
Background: Surface staining and deeper discoloration characteristics of peroxide-based bleaching agents in the nicotine stain in dental enamel model were evaluated in the present study. Methods: Nicotine stained dental enamel fragments (n = 36) were prepared and were subjected to the bleaching ingredients for a fixed treatment time of 30 min. The bleaching agents were composed of limonene, coconut diethanolamide, and carbamide peroxide served as solvent, nonionic surfactant, and oxidizer, respectively. Optical analysis was carried out considering color stability via colorimeter and UV-Vis spectrometer. Results: Degrees of color variations were significantly influenced by nicotine content and bleaching ingredient factors. They varied in the range of approximately 3.00 and 5.00 units for all tooth-bleaching agents. The most prominent degrees of color variation elevations were obtained in the tooth bleaching formulae set #2 (1.0% limonene + 20% coconut diethanolamide) in the stained tooth model in comparison to set #1 (0.5% limonene + 10% coconut diethanolamide) and set #3 (1.5% limonene + 30% coconut diethanolamide), partly due to the perceptible color changes. The lowest degree of color variation under a dose limitation was found in the tooth bleaching formulae set #2 + 10% carbamide peroxide formulation. Absorbance spectra were also evaluated after the interaction of bleaching treatment. They confirmed a relationship between nicotine content and discoloration characteristics of the tooth bleaching formulae set #2 + 10% carbamide peroxide. Conclusions: Carbamide peroxide is considered as generator of free radicals. It converts the color of stains to clear by oxidizing the organic compounds in the stained dental enamel model, achieving whiteness enhancement.
“…High adhesive property helps the topical gel formulations to retain at the application area for the desired duration of action whereas the formulations with low adhesive property are easily removed. For tooth bleaching gels, high adhesive property is important for efficacy and safety (30,31). Considering rice gel formulations, the viscosity and adhesive property of SH gels are higher than JM gels.…”
In the present study, the modified white rice of Jasmine (JM) and Saohai (SH) were used to prepare the rice gels. Carbamide peroxide (CP) containing rice gels (CP rice gels) of JM (CP-JM) and SH (CP-SH) were prepared. The rice gels and CP rice gels show homogenous texture. Rice variety influences the characteristics and properties of the rice gels. Amylose content of JM was lower than SH. Rheological behavior of JM and CP-JM was pseudoplastic without thixotropy whereas that of SH and CP-SH was pseudoplastic with thixotropy. CP-SH showed higher adhesive property and viscosity than CP-JM whereas CP-JM showed faster in vitro drug release than CP-SH. For ex vivo efficacy evaluation, 55 normal human teeth were subjected to the CP rice gels. Samples were applied on tooth surface according to the dental bleaching techniques. For at-home bleaching technique, the CP rice gels with 10% and 20% CP were used with bleaching time of 8h and 4h, respectively. For in-office bleaching technique, the CP rice gels with 35% CP was used with bleaching time of 1 h. The developed CP rice gels showed significantly higher efficacy than the positive and negative controls. For at-home bleaching technique, CP-SH was the most effective gels whereas for in-office bleaching technique, CP-JM was the most effective gels.
“…Especially for tooth whitening formulations, a very high adhesive gels is preferable. It was reported that the enhancement of drug delivery through tooth surface and enamel could be successfully achieved by sufficient adhesive strength of formulations and teeth (31). Tooth whitening gels require high adhesive property to stay on the tooth surface to deliver maximum quantity of CP.…”
Carbamide peroxide (CP) is commonly used as a tooth whitening agent. However, efficacy of CP can be enhanced if it is in the suitable delivery system. In the present study, CP loaded in pigmented rice gels were developed and investigated for their physicochemical properties and tooth whitening efficacy. The modified pigmented rice of two varieties, Homnil (HN) and Doisket (DS) were prepared and used as a gelling agent. The outer appearance of the obtained rice gels containing 10% CP (CP-HN and CP-DS, respectively) were transparent and homogeneous texture. The pH of both rice gel bases was neutral but became slightly acidic after incorporating with CP. The adhesive property of HN gel was significantly higher than DS gels. In vitro drug release profile exhibited that the release of CP from CP-DS was significantly higher than CP-HN and the commercial gel (CP-CG), respectively. In vitro tooth whitening efficacy in 45 normal teeth revealed that the tooth whitening efficacy of the gels was time dependent. At the end of the treatment, CP-HN showed significantly higher tooth whitening efficacy than CP-DS and CP-CG, respectively. It is concluded that the physicochemical properties, particularly the adhesive and dissolution properties, play an important role in the tooth whitening efficacy of the CP gels.
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