Safe Synthesis of MAX and MXene: Guidelines to Reduce Risk During Synthesis

Shuck, Christopher E.; Ventura-Martinez, Kimberly; Goad, Adam; Uzun, Simge; Shekhirev, Mikhail; Gogotsi, Yury

doi:10.1021/acs.chas.1c00051

Cited by 142 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 152 publications

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“…In particular, the most widely used etching methods employ HF, which is extremely toxic and containment of HF represents a significant challenge to the industry. When using HF, HF-specific personal protective equipment should be worn to minimize HF exposure [ 29 ]. Additionally, if the Ti 3 C 2 T x clay is not properly washed, HF-related hazards persist throughout the procedure, even into postprocessing, and this durability adds to the toxicity found through in vitro and in vivo studies.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Mxenes and Safety Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Assessment of 2D MXenes: In Vitro and In Vivo

2022

Nanomaterials

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MXenes, representing a new class of two-dimensional nanomaterial, have attracted intense interest in a variety of fields as supercapacitors, catalysts, and sensors, and in biomedicine. The assessment of the safety of MXenes and related materials in biological systems is thus an issue that requires significant attention. In this review, the toxic effects of MXenes and their derivatives are summarized through the discussion of current research into their behaviors in mammalian cells, animals and plants. Numerous studies have shown that MXenes have generally low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility. However, a few studies have indicated that MXenes are toxic to stem cells and embryos. These in vitro and in vivo toxic effects are strongly associated with the dose of material, the cell type, the mode of exposure, and the specific type of MXene. In addition, surface modifications alter the toxic effects of MXenes. The stability of MXenes must be considered during toxicity evaluation, as degradation can lead to potentially toxic byproducts. Although research concerning the toxicity of MXenes is limited, this review provides an overview of the current understanding of interactions of MXenes with biological systems and suggests future research directions.

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Section: Synthesis Of Mxenes and Safety Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Assessment of 2D MXenes: In Vitro and In Vivo

2022

Nanomaterials

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“…The temperature of the solid-state reaction ranges from 800 up to 1600 • C, depending on the MAX matrix. MAX matrices are contaminated with intermetallic compounds or metal oxides; therefore, it is necessary to remove these impurities by dissolution in concentrated acids, for example, H 3 PO 4 and HCl [162,[174][175][176].…”

Section: Synthesis Of Max Matricesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of in situ methods avoids the challenges of working with and maintaining harmful HF. Moreover, the use of this method allows simultaneous deflection and ion intercalation in one step [174,179]. The temperature, time, and concentration of the etchant affect the structure of the MXene.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Mxenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the MAX phase, the etching may lead to structures from multilayer lamellas to densely packed particles. The etching of Al from the MAX structure is carried out mainly at room temperature; however, in the case of molybdenum aluminum carbide (Mo 2 Ga 2 C) and vanadium aluminum carbide (V 2 AlC), etching at higher temperature equal to 55 • C and 90 • C, respectively, was reported [169,174,180]. Selection of appropriate etching conditions is crucial in terms of physicochemical properties, including the size and distribution of sheets determining its application.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Mxenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metal (Mo, W, Ti) Carbide Catalysts: Synthesis and Application as Alternative Catalysts for Dry Reforming of Hydrocarbons—A Review

Czaplicka

Rogala

Wysocka

2021

IJMS

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Dry reforming of hydrocarbons (DRH) is a pro-environmental method for syngas production. It owes its pro-environmental character to the use of carbon dioxide, which is one of the main greenhouse gases. Currently used nickel catalysts on oxide supports suffer from rapid deactivation due to sintering of active metal particles or the deposition of carbon deposits blocking the flow of gases through the reaction tube. In this view, new alternative catalysts are highly sought after. Transition metal carbides (TMCs) can potentially replace traditional nickel catalysts due to their stability and activity in DR processes. The catalytic activity of carbides results from the synthesis-dependent structural properties of carbides. In this respect, this review presents the most important methods of titanium, molybdenum, and tungsten carbide synthesis and the influence of their properties on activity in catalyzing the reaction of methane with carbon dioxide.

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“…Bai et al [ 32 ] synthesized the green fluorescence nitrogen, phosphorus-doped Ti 3 C 2 MXene QDs through a facile microwave-assisted technique, with an advantage of reduction in reaction time; ensued QDs endowed with suitable dispersibility illustrated excitation-dependent photoluminescence and anti-photobleaching features [ 32 ]. Gogotsi and co-workers have critically discussed the guiding principles and the essential precautions for reducing the risk of hazardousness and environmental toxicity during the synthesis of MXenes; methods with high safety, reproducibility, and reliability should therefore be the main objective [ 33 ]. MXenes have been widely explored as attractive inorganic two-dimensional candidates for assorted applications in gene/drug delivery, imaging or sensing, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cancer theranostics [ 5 , 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart MXene Quantum Dot-Based Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications

Iravani

Varma

2022

Nanomaterials

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MXene quantum dots (QDs), with their unique structural, optical, magnetic, and electronic characteristics, are promising contenders for various pharmaceutical and biomedical appliances including biological sensing/imaging, cancer diagnosis/therapy, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, delivery of drugs/genes, and analytical biochemistry. Although functionalized MXene QDs have demonstrated high biocompatibility, superb optical properties, and stability, several challenging issues pertaining to their long-term toxicity, histopathology, biodistribution, biodegradability, and photoluminescence properties are still awaiting systematic study (especially the move towards the practical and clinical phases from the pre-clinical/lab-scale discoveries). The up-scalable and optimized synthesis methods need to be developed not only for the MXene QD-based nanosystems but also for other smart platforms and hybrid nanocomposites encompassing MXenes with vast clinical and biomedical potentials. Enhancing the functionalization strategies, improvement of synthesis methods, cytotoxicity/biosafety evaluations, enriching the biomedical applications, and exploring additional MXene QDs are crucial aspects for developing the smart MXene QD-based nanosystems with improved features. Herein, recent developments concerning the biomedical applications of MXene QDs are underscored with emphasis on current trends and future prospects.

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Safe Synthesis of MAX and MXene: Guidelines to Reduce Risk During Synthesis

Cited by 142 publications

References 152 publications

Safety Assessment of 2D MXenes: In Vitro and In Vivo

Safety Assessment of 2D MXenes: In Vitro and In Vivo

Metal (Mo, W, Ti) Carbide Catalysts: Synthesis and Application as Alternative Catalysts for Dry Reforming of Hydrocarbons—A Review

Smart MXene Quantum Dot-Based Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications

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