Sabin Monovalent Oral Polio Vaccines: Review of Past Experiences and Their Potential Use after Polio Eradication

Cáceres, Victor M.; Sutter, Roland W.

doi:10.1086/321905

Cited by 104 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The estimated effectiveness (coverage × efficacy) of campaigns with mOPV1 was relatively high in Tajikistan, consistent with immunogenicity studies in former Soviet Union countries and the high coverage achieved (21). However, the impact of these campaigns on the expected size of the outbreak was somewhat limited.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

The role of older children and adults in wild poliovirus transmission

Blake

Martin

Goel

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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As polio eradication inches closer, the absence of poliovirus circulation in most of the world and imperfect vaccination coverage are resulting in immunity gaps and polio outbreaks affecting adults. Furthermore, imperfect, waning intestinal immunity among older children and adults permits reinfection and poliovirus shedding, prompting calls to extend the age range of vaccination campaigns even in the absence of cases in these age groups. The success of such a strategy depends on the contribution to poliovirus transmission by older ages, which has not previously been estimated. We fit a mathematical model of poliovirus transmission to time series data from two large outbreaks that affected adults (Tajikistan 2010, Republic of Congo 2010) using maximum-likelihood estimation based on iterated particle-filtering methods. In Tajikistan, the contribution of unvaccinated older children and adults to transmission was minimal despite a significant number of cases in these age groups [reproduction number, R = 0.46 (95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.52) for >5-y-olds compared to 2.18 (2.06-2.45) for 0-to 5-y-olds]. In contrast, in the Republic of Congo, the contribution of older children and adults was significant [R = 1.85 (1.83-4.00)], perhaps reflecting sanitary and socioeconomic variables favoring efficient virus transmission. In neither setting was there evidence for a significant role of imperfect intestinal immunity in the transmission of poliovirus. Bringing the immunization response to the Tajikistan outbreak forward by 2 wk would have prevented an additional 130 cases (21%), highlighting the importance of early outbreak detection and response.epidemiology | infectious diseases | mathematical modeling T he Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has achieved >99% reduction in the global annual incidence of poliomyelitis since the program began in 1988, and in 2012, just three countries were yet to interrupt wild poliovirus transmissionAfghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria-and 223 poliomyelitis cases were reported, the lowest in history (1). However, the absence of wild poliovirus transmission from most of the world, together with long-standing suboptimal vaccination coverage, has created cohorts of susceptible children and adults. As a result, an increased number of polio outbreaks affecting older children and adults have occurred in countries previously free of wild poliovirus (2-6). These outbreaks have significantly raised the cost of the GPEI and are a major challenge to achieving the goal of stopping all transmission by end-2014.It has also become clear that intestinal immunity to poliovirus wanes over time, allowing individuals vaccinated with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) to become reinfected and shed poliovirus (7). Therefore, older children and adults could theoretically contribute to wild poliovirus transmission without developing poliomyelitis. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended vaccination of older age groups as a standard for outbreak response (8). In addition, the recent GPEI strategic...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

The role of older children and adults in wild poliovirus transmission

Blake

Martin

Goel

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…This remained low at approximately 50%, compared with an average of 94% in temperate countries. 22 Seroconversion did, however, correlate (negatively) with the presence of viral pathogens detected in stool at the time of vaccination, which were unaffected by azithromycin. Faecal and plasma biomarkers of EE were typically lower among children who seroconverted or shed poliovirus after OPV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The effect of azithromycin on the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial in seronegative Indian infants

Grassly

Praharaj

Babji

et al. 2016

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

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“…Already, a number of vaccines leveraging mucosal delivery have been developed to combat mucosal pathogens, such as poliovirus, typhoid, cholera, rotavirus, and influenza virus. [117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129] From the literature presented herein, we believe that these mucosal routes represent a promising approach for the development of the next generations of HIV vaccines. Each of the routes discussed herein (intraintestinal/swallowed, oral, intranasal, intrarectal) has shown the potential to induce humoral and cellular responses in the mucosa of the GI tract, but also at other mucosal surfaces and in the systemic compartment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of Intestinal Immunity by Mucosal Vaccines As a Means of Controlling HIV Infection

Poles

Alvarez²,

Hioe³

2014

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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CD4+ T cells in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are preferentially targeted and depleted by HIV. As such, the induction of an effective anti-HIV immune response in the mucosa of the GI tract-through vaccination-could protect this vulnerable population of cells. Mucosal vaccination provides a promising means of inducing robust humoral and cellular responses in the GI tract. Here we review data from the literature about the effectiveness of various mucosal vaccination routes-oral (intraintestinal/tonsilar/sublingual), intranasal, and intrarectal-with regard to the induction of immune responses mediated by cytotoxic T cells and antibodies in the GI mucosa, as well as protective efficacy in challenge models. We present data from the literature indicating that mucosal routes have the potential to effectively elicit GI mucosal immunity and protect against challenge. Given their capacity for the induction of anti-HIV immune responses in the GI mucosa, we propose that mucosal routes, including the nonconventional sublingual, tonsilar, and intrarectal routes, be considered for the delivery of the next generation HIV vaccines. However, further studies are necessary to determine the ideal vectors and vaccination regimens for these routes of immunization and to validate their efficacy in controlling HIV infection. HIV Epidemics and Treatment HIV infection has resulted in the death of millions since the early 1980s, and has been responsible for significant morbidity and decline in quality of life for millions more. Each year, an estimated 50,000 people are newly infected with the virus in the United States alone, adding to the 34 million currently living with the virus worldwide.

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Sabin Monovalent Oral Polio Vaccines: Review of Past Experiences and Their Potential Use after Polio Eradication

Cited by 104 publications

References 33 publications

The role of older children and adults in wild poliovirus transmission

The role of older children and adults in wild poliovirus transmission

The effect of azithromycin on the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial in seronegative Indian infants

Induction of Intestinal Immunity by Mucosal Vaccines As a Means of Controlling HIV Infection

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