s8ORF2 protein of infectious salmon anaemia virus is a RNA-silencing suppressor and interacts with Salmon salar Mov10 (SsMov10) of the host RNAi machinery

Thukral, Vandana; Varshney, Bhavna; Ramly, Rimatulhana; Ponia, Sanket S.; Mishra, Sumona Karjee; Olsen, Christel M.; Banerjea, Akhil C.; Mukherjee, Sunil Kumar; Zaidi, Rana; Rimstad, Espen; Lal, Sunil K.

doi:10.1007/s11262-017-1526-z

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Most interestingly, it has recently been demonstrated that s8ORF2 acts as a suppressor of RNA silencing (Thukral et al., ). Although the RNA‐binding property of the s8ORF2 has been predicted to be located mainly in the first 61 N‐terminal aa of the 241 aa protein (Garcia‐Rosada et al., ; Olsen et al., ), recent work by Thukral et al., provides evidence that the RNA‐binding domain is present in the region spanning 62 aa‐195 aa, which is lost in isolate CA/NL/G0010/2012. The reduced virulence of this isolate could thus be the result of unsuppressed host RNA silencing (Bohle, Lorenzen, & Schyth, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In vivo virulence and genomic comparison of infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus isolates from Atlantic Canada

Leblanc

Leadbeater

Laflamme

et al. 2018

Journal of Fish Diseases

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The infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is capable of causing a significant disease in Atlantic salmon, which has resulted in considerable financial losses for salmon farmers around the world. Since the first detection of ISAV in Canada in 1996, it has been a high priority for aquatic animal health management and surveillance programmes have led to the identification of many genetically distinct ISAV isolates of variable virulence. In this study, we evaluated the virulence of three ISAV isolates detected in Atlantic Canada in 2012 by doing in vivo-controlled disease challenges with two sources of Atlantic salmon. We measured viral loads in fish tissues during the course of infection. Sequences of the full viral RNA genomes of these three ISAV isolates were obtained and compared to a high-virulence and previously characterized isolate detected in the Bay of Fundy in 2004, as well as a newly identified ISAV NA-HPR0 isolate. All three ISAV isolates studied were shown to be of low to mid-virulence with fish from source A having a lower mortality rate than fish from source B. Viral load estimation using an RT-qPCR assay targeting viral segment 8 showed a high degree of similarity between tissues. Through genomic comparison, we identified various amino acid substitutions unique to some isolates, including a stop codon in the segment 8 ORF2 not previously reported in ISAV, present in the isolate with the lowest observed virulence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The putative loss of function of this protein could greatly inhibit replication and consequently result in reduced virulence. Most interestingly, it has recently been demonstrated that s8ORF2 acts as a suppressor of RNA silencing (Thukral et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo virulence and genomic comparison of infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus isolates from Atlantic Canada

Leblanc

Leadbeater

Laflamme

et al. 2018

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…In fact, immune evasion mechanisms for IFN type I response have been reported for fish viruses such as IPNV, where preVP2, VP3, VP4, and VP5 viral proteins inhibit IFNa1 activation ( 37 ). Similarly, s7ORF1 of ISAV inhibits IFN and Mx transcription, while s8ORF2, acting as RNA silencing suppressor, inhibits IFN production ( 38 – 40 ). Therefore, further studies are required to understand whether PRV displays mechanisms to antagonize the IFN type I responses and antiviral peptides observed in infected fish.…”

Section: Immune Response Against Prv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleeping With the Enemy? The Current Knowledge of Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV) Immune Response Elicited to Counteract Infection

et al. 2022

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Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a virus in the genus Orthoreovirus of the Reoviridae family, first described in 2010 associated with Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Three phases of PRV infection have been described, the early entry and dissemination, the acute dissemination phase, and the persistence phase. Depending on the PRV genotype and the host, infection can last for life. Mechanisms of immune response to PRV infection have been just beginning to be studied and the knowledge in this matter is here revised. PRV induces a classical antiviral immune response in experimental infection of salmonid erythrocytes, including transcriptional upregulation of ifn-α, rig-i, mx, and pkr. In addition, transcript upregulation of tcra, tcrb, cd2, il-2, cd4-1, ifn-γ, il-12, and il-18 has been observed in Atlantic salmon infected with PRV, indicating that PRV elicited a Th1 type response probably as a host defense strategy. The high expression levels of cd8a, cd8b, and granzyme-A in PRV-infected fish suggest a positive modulatory effect on the CTL-mediated immune response. This is consistent with PRV-dependent upregulation of the genes involved in antigen presentation, including MHC class I, transporters, and proteasome components. We also review the potential immune mechanisms associated with the persistence phenotype of PRV-infected fish and its consequence for the development of a secondary infection. In this scenario, the application of a vaccination strategy is an urgent and challenging task due to the emergence of this viral infection that threatens salmon farming.

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“…Multiple ISAV infection in vitro studies have been performed, describing a rapid interferon response (Andresen et al 2020; Samsing et al 2020) or the interplay between host and virus over the control of oxidative stress and apoptosis (Olavarria et al 2015a, b). In vitro studies have also been key to understand the role of the different ISAV proteins and their interaction with cellular mechanisms (Li et al 2016; Zhang et al 2017; Thukral et al 2018; Fredericksen et al 2019; Toro-Ascuy et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding host response to infectious salmon anaemia virus in an Atlantic salmon cell line using single-cell RNA sequencing

Gervais

Gratacap

Papadopoulou

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV) is an Orthomixovirus that currently represents a large problem for salmonid aquaculture worldwide. Prevention and treatment methods are only partially effective. Genetic selection and genome engineering strategies have potential to develop ISAV resistant salmon stocks. However, this requires a detailed understanding of the genomic regulation of ISAV pathogenesis. Here, we used single cell RNA sequencing on a salmonid cell line to provide a high dimensional insight into the transcriptional landscape that underpin host-virus interactions during ISAV infection at the single cell level. Results: Salmon head kidney 1 (SHK-1) cells were single-cell RNA sequenced before challenge, and at 24h, 48h, and 96h post-ISAV challenge. The results revealed marked changes in the host transcriptome at 48h and 96h post-infection, even in uninfected cells, potentially suggesting paracrine signalling. This paracrine activation of uninfected cells seemed to be unspecific, involving pathways such as mRNA sensing, ubiquitination or proteasome, and also the up-regulation of the mitochondrial ribosome genes. At 24h post infection, cells showed expression signatures consistent with viral entry, with up-regulation of genes such as PI3K, FAK or JNK. At 48h and 96h, infected cells showed a clear anti-viral response, characterised by the expression of IFNA2 or IRF2. Conclusions: This study has increased our understanding of the cellular response of Atlantic salmon during ISAV infection, and revealed potential host-virus interactions at the cellular level. The results highlight the value of single-cell sequencing to characterise cell culture models of viral infection, and the results can be exploited in future functional studies to increase the resistance of Atlantic salmon to ISAV.

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s8ORF2 protein of infectious salmon anaemia virus is a RNA-silencing suppressor and interacts with Salmon salar Mov10 (SsMov10) of the host RNAi machinery

Cited by 7 publications

References 61 publications

In vivo virulence and genomic comparison of infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus isolates from Atlantic Canada

In vivo virulence and genomic comparison of infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus isolates from Atlantic Canada

Sleeping With the Enemy? The Current Knowledge of Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV) Immune Response Elicited to Counteract Infection

Understanding host response to infectious salmon anaemia virus in an Atlantic salmon cell line using single-cell RNA sequencing

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