Rydberg Atoms: From Determinism to Chaos

Remote Sensing of the Earth’s Surface Using GPS Signals

“…At the same time, incoherent microwave radiation at frequency L 1 in the region of stochasticity of the spectrum, in accordance with the data of [11], should make an insignificant contribution to δm n . Then the increase in the populations will follow the change in the electron temperature According to the data of the calculations of the dependences of the power of the flux of the incoherent microwave radiation of the D and E layers, on frequency, performed using the Rydberg program for various electronic temperatures [8,9], the microwave power for the base frequencies L 1 and L 2 of the GPS signals at the average electron temperature ≈ 1100 K are practically the same.…”

“…In this case, the electronic subsystem, determined by the presence of a weakly bound electron, becomes slower than the nuclear subsystem; i.e., the physical situation arises that is opposite to the adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Taking into account the strong nonadiabatic coupling with rotation leads to a quantum stochastic regime of electron motion, which has been actively studied in recent years [11].…”

“…Here is the statistical weight of a molecular ion for the given total electronic moment L and spin S; is the temperature of the neutral medium, equal to the ionic temperature in plasma; and are the average values of the vibration frequencies and rotational constants. Then, according to (1), the variations in the populations of Rydberg states and temperature are related by a simple relation: It is seen that at when the stochastic regime is formed [11] in the electronic spectrum, population variations are approximately 4 times larger than the variation in the electron temperature This means that for the values the corresponding population variations as well as the errors of the GPS measurements, according to (3), should increase. In the opposite case , populations decrease (which leads to a decrease in these errors).…”