Rutin Stimulates the Green Alga Chromochloris zofingiensis for Improved Biomass and Astaxanthin Production

Abstract

Chromochloris zofingiensis represents a potential algal producer of the value-added ketocarotenoid astaxanthin. Here, rutin, a low-cost flavonoid compound, was evaluated regarding its roles in C. zofingiensis production under astaxanthin-inducing conditions via physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomics analyses. The rutin treatment allowed C. zofingiensis to achieve 81.2% more biomass and 20.5% greater astaxanthin content under nitrogen deprivation, leading to more than doubled astaxanthin production. The rutin-treated C. zofingiensis had higher levels of chlorophylls, proteins, and lipids and lower carbohydrate level than the control. Rutin promoted the intracellular abscisic acid (ABA) level, which could be restored by the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, accompanied by the restoration of biomass concentration and astaxanthin content. The application of exogenous ABA to C. zofingiensis also furthered biomass concentration and astaxanthin accumulation. Together with the comparative transcriptomics analysis, our study provides implications into the involvement of ABA in rutin-mediated stimulation of C. zofingiensis growth and astaxanthin accumulation and highlights a feasible strategy of combining stress and chemical induction for improved microalgal production.

Production of Natural Pigments Using Microorganisms

“…Many of these natural pigments can be synthesized by microorganisms (Table ). Some mold, , microalgae, − and bacteria − can produce pigments naturally, while E. coli, S.…”

“…It is noteworthy that microalgae are classified as both microorganisms and lower plants, and they play a significant role in the production of natural pigments through fermentation and genetic engineering. Examples include Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for hemoglobin, Haematococcus pluvialis and Chromochloris zofingiensis for astaxanthin, , Galdieria sulphuraria for phycocyanin, Phaeodactylum tricornutum for fucoxanthin, and Chlorella protothecoides for lutein production …”