Rutin ameliorates malaria pathogenesis by modulating inflammatory mechanism: an in vitro and in vivo study

Abstract

Rutin (3,3',4' 5,7-pentahydroxy avone-3-rhamnoglucoside) is a avonoid glycoside, found in many edible plants such as buckwheat and berries. Rutin as a food supplement is recommended for the treatment of various diseases, which directed us to investigate its valuable effects in malaria induced pathogenesis. In the present study, Rutin was tested for its anti-plasmodial activity against chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains (NF-54 and K1) of Plasmodium falciparum and studied for its anti-oxidative and antiin ammatory potential against LPS stimulated macrophage cells. In vitro observations were further validated using an in-vivo physiological rodent model of Plasmodium berghei-induced malaria pathogenesis. Rutin was also tested for its effect in combination with chloroquine.Rutin was found to have potent anti-plasmodial activity against both chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains of P. falciparum (NF-54 and K1). It was able to reduce the oxidative stress induced by LPS in macrophage cells with decreased production of pro-in ammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β). Rutin was found to signi cantly suppress the parasitaemia, increase the mean survival time and restored the haemoglobin and glucose level in in vivo assays. This was corroborated by reduced production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and pro-in ammatory mediators in rutin treated mice in P.berghei-induced malaria pathogenesis. Interestingly, the combination of rutin with chloroquine had shown synergy in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The ndings of the present study thus highlighted the suitability of rutin for further study in the management of drug resistant malaria, alone or in combination with other compounds.

Neuroinflammation and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Potentials of a Spiroketal‐Enol Ether Polyyne Isolated from Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC

“…A significant change in the percentage of the live cell population was not observed (P<0.05) at 10, 30, and 100 μM of D6 when compared with normal cells (Figure 4). Previously, the essential oil and cis ‐davanone derived from the aerial parts of Artemisia pallens , [15] and rutin [33] did not exhibit any cytotoxic potential in primary macrophage cells at 10 times higher concentrations than therapeutic concentrations.…”

Neuroprotective effects of rutin against cuprizone-induced multiple sclerosis in mice

“…For example, the treatment of the P . berghei -infected mouse model with RUT at lower doses (25 and 50 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ) and accompanied by decrease of CIITA expression then HLA expression (Bhatt et al 2022 ). Moreover, NF-κB pathway certainly contribute to MHC class I expression via the NF-κB binding Enhancer A region and interferon (IFN)-sensitive response element (ISRE) motif in the MHC class I promotor region (Jongsma et al 2019 ).…”

Design and synthesis of novel glycyrrhetinic acid-triazole derivatives that exert anti-plasmodial activity inducing mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in Plasmodium falciparum

“…The ROS level was determined using a microplate reader (FLUOStar Omega, BMG Labtek) at excitation/emission wavelengths of 485/520 nm. 35,36…”

“…The ROS level was determined using a microplate reader (FLUOStar Omega, BMG Labtek) at excitation/emission wavelengths of 485/520 nm. 35,36 2.12. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio…”