Ruthenium-based molecular compounds for oxygen evolution in acidic media

Artificial photosynthesis: opportunities and challenges of molecular catalysts

“…The only available example was provided by Millet and co-workers demonstrating the incorporation of the Ru(tpy)(bpy) type WOC into a PEM cell. 624 A Ru(tpy)(bpy)-type WOC is far less efficient compared to a Ru-bda-type WOC. However, when it is incorporated into a PEM cell, a current density of 1 A cm À2 has been reached at 1.9 V, although this performance is not as good as that exhibited by the IrO 2 catalyst under the same testing conditions.…”

Advancing Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers with Molecular Catalysts

“…In the preliminary investigations by Millet and co-workers, several molecular WOCs and HER catalysts evaluated in PEM electrolyzers displayed demonstrable performances (can reach A/cm 2 current density), sufficient stability (1,000 h of operation without significant degradation for the hydrogen evolution catalyst), and expectable lower sensitivity to metal impurities in the system. [12][13][14][15] For an example, the [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(OH)] (tpy = 2,2 0 :6 0 ,2 0 '-terpyridine and bpy is 2,2 0 -bipyridine) tested in PEM electrolyzer achieved 1 mA/cm 2 current density at about 1.9 V applied potential, which is only 100 and 200 mV higher than when the state-of-the-art catalysts Ir and RuO 2 were used under the same test conditions, respectively. 14 It has been seen that molecular catalysts may bring new opportunities to replace noble metal catalysts in PEM electrolyzers.…”

“…[12][13][14][15] For an example, the [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(OH)] (tpy = 2,2 0 :6 0 ,2 0 '-terpyridine and bpy is 2,2 0 -bipyridine) tested in PEM electrolyzer achieved 1 mA/cm 2 current density at about 1.9 V applied potential, which is only 100 and 200 mV higher than when the state-of-the-art catalysts Ir and RuO 2 were used under the same test conditions, respectively. 14 It has been seen that molecular catalysts may bring new opportunities to replace noble metal catalysts in PEM electrolyzers. 16,17 Moreover, molecular catalysts have many advantages over inorganic materials, as they are atom economical and their discernible active sites and relatively clear catalytic mechanisms allow finely structural design to obtain high intrinsic activities.…”

Efficient Multifunctional Catalytic and Sensing Properties of Synthesized Ruthenium Oxide Nanoparticles

“…In addition, it has been used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the low temperature dehydrogenation of NH 3 [16], HCl [17], and methanol [18], respectively. Further, ruthenium oxide was reported to work as anexcellent electrode material for OERs [19,20] and hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) [21,22]. The metallic conductivity of RuO 2 , along with IrO 2 ,is of the order of 10 4 ohm −1 cm −1 [23].…”