Rust exfoliation on carbon steels in chloride-rich atmospheres

Chico, Belén; Alcántara, J.; Pino, Elizabeth; Díaz, Iván; Simancas, J.; Torres‐Pardo, Almudena; Fuente, Daniel de la; Jiménez, José Antonio; Marco, José F.; González‐Calbet, José M.; Morcillo, M.

doi:10.1515/corrrev-2015-0025

Cited by 32 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In previous work, a study was made of the environmental conditions that lead to the exfoliation of thick rust layers formed on mild steel exposed to highly chloride‐rich atmospheres . Figure shows a cross section of an exfoliated rust layer formed on mild steel exposed for one year at station 1 (Table ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion mechanisms of mild steel in chloride-rich atmospheres

Fuente¹,

Díaz²,

Alcántara³

et al. 2015

Materials and Corrosion

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This work analyses the corrosion mechanisms of carbon steel when exposed to marine atmospheres with very different chloride ion deposition rates. Two extreme situations are described, characterized by a “consolidated rust layer” (at relatively low atmospheric salinities), formed by a diffusion‐controlled corrosion mechanism in which the reduction of dissolved oxygen in the aqueous film deposited on the metal is the predominant cathodic reaction, and an “exfoliated rust layer” (at high atmospheric salinities), where the cathodic reaction of hydrogen evolution becomes important, notably accelerating the corrosion process. The research has employed a range of near‐surface and bulk sensitive analytical techniques (SEM/EDS, µXRD, and SEM/µRaman) to characterize the corrosion products and rust layers formed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion mechanisms of mild steel in chloride-rich atmospheres

Fuente¹,

Díaz²,

Alcántara³

et al. 2015

Materials and Corrosion

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“…However, Graham and Cohen [ 127 ] do show convincing evidence on the basis of MS that magnetite is a component of corrosion products on several samples. However, Leidheiser and Music [ 128 ] and Chico et al [ 129 ], also using this technique, found no evidence of magnetite. Likewise, Oh et al [ 130 ], using MS and RS, find a high magnetic maghemite content in the exposure of CS at 250 m from the seashore.…”

Section: Atmospheric Corrosion Productsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A scheme of a feasible multilayered rust formation and rust exfoliation mechanism for CS exposed to severe marine atmospheres is shown in Figure 40 [129,153]. …”

Section: Mechanisms Of Steel In Macmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High times of wetness of the metallic surface and an atmosphere with a high Cl − deposition rate lead to the formation of this type of rust. These thick rust layers tend to become detached from the steel substrate (exfoliated), leaving it uncovered and without protection and thus accelerating the metallic corrosion process [ 129 ]. The rust exfoliation phenomenon can only take place if such anomalous thick rust layers are formed, as has also been observed in studies carried out by other researchers [ 42 , 161 ].…”

Section: The Rust Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Marine Atmospheric Corrosion of Carbon Steel: A Review

Alcántara¹,

Fuente²,

Chico³

et al. 2017

Materials

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222

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The atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel is an extensive topic that has been studied over the years by many researchers. However, until relatively recently, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the action of marine chlorides. Corrosion in coastal regions is a particularly relevant issue due the latter’s great importance to human society. About half of the world’s population lives in coastal regions and the industrialisation of developing countries tends to concentrate production plants close to the sea. Until the start of the 21st century, research on the basic mechanisms of rust formation in Cl−-rich atmospheres was limited to just a small number of studies. However, in recent years, scientific understanding of marine atmospheric corrosion has advanced greatly, and in the authors’ opinion a sufficient body of knowledge has been built up in published scientific papers to warrant an up-to-date review of the current state-of-the-art and to assess what issues still need to be addressed. That is the purpose of the present review. After a preliminary section devoted to basic concepts on atmospheric corrosion, the marine atmosphere, and experimentation on marine atmospheric corrosion, the paper addresses key aspects such as the most significant corrosion products, the characteristics of the rust layers formed, and the mechanisms of steel corrosion in marine atmospheres. Special attention is then paid to important matters such as coastal-industrial atmospheres and long-term behaviour of carbon steel exposed to marine atmospheres. The work ends with a section dedicated to issues pending, noting a series of questions in relation with which greater research efforts would seem to be necessary.

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“…For rust exfoliation to occur, Cl − DR must be high and exceed a critical threshold of around 300 mg m −2 d −1 . Yashamita and Misawa found that the mass ratio of goethite to lepidocrocite contents (α/γ) existing in the rust layer on weathering steel formed in industrial and rural atmospheres, determined by XRD, is a function of the exposure time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric corrosion of low carbon steel in a coastal zone of Ecuador: Anomalous behavior of chloride deposition versus distance from the sea

Guerra

Castañeda

Corvo

et al. 2018

Materials & Corrosion

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Atmospheric corrosion of low carbon steel exposed in a coastal tropical zone of Manabí, Ecuador, was determined. Specimens were exposed at six outdoor exposure sites located at different distances from the sea. The atmosphere is classified as coastal. Wind speed threshold for an increase in chloride deposition rate was determined. The behavior of chloride deposition rate versus distance from the sea is anomalous due to the presence of an estuary. Corrosion by weight loss was evaluated up to 1 year of exposure. Only a slight difference in atmospheric corrosion rate is noticed between wet and dry periods. Chloride deposition interaction with RH–temperature complex and with wind speed shows significant statistical influence on atmospheric corrosion of low carbon steel. Corrosivity category of the atmosphere high (C4) is the most predominant classification level in the zone. Prediction indicates corrosivity category high (C4) will remain up to 20 years of exposure. Different morphologies of corrosion products were identified by SEM. Lepidocrocite, goethite, magnetite, and akaganeite are the main crystalline phases determined by XRD. Protective ability index previously proposed for rust layers is not useful to apply in coastal sites.

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Rust exfoliation on carbon steels in chloride-rich atmospheres

Cited by 32 publications

References 26 publications

Corrosion mechanisms of mild steel in chloride-rich atmospheres

Corrosion mechanisms of mild steel in chloride-rich atmospheres

Marine Atmospheric Corrosion of Carbon Steel: A Review

Atmospheric corrosion of low carbon steel in a coastal zone of Ecuador: Anomalous behavior of chloride deposition versus distance from the sea

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