Russian Music and its Sources In Chant And Folk-Song. By Alfred J. Swan, New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. 234 pp. $12.50.

Brown, Malcolm

doi:10.2307/2495950

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Modified David’s scores derive a dominance index from count data for each individual so that those typically “dominating” have a large positive score, and those that are typically “dominated” have large negative scores [ 46 ]. Brown’s ranking method minimizes the proportion of dyadic interactions where any lower ranking individual “wins” an interaction [ 48 ]. de Vries’ I & SI method minimizes the sum of rank differences between inconsistently ranked individuals [ 47 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To examine sanctuary-specific chimpanzee social group structure, we used SNA to calculate social network statistics for each individual (i.e., affinity, strength, reach, eigenvector centrality), identify significant subgroups or clusters (i.e., divisions of modularity and hierarchical clusters), and construct network diagrams (i.e., principal coordinate analyses). We also examined the dominance hierarchy of a sanctuary-living chimpanzee group using conventional methods: modified David’s scores [ 46 ], I & IS [ 47 ], Brown’s method [ 48 ], and hierarchical clusters [ 30 ]. In doing so, we aim to better advise captive management and welfare decisions for sanctuary-living chimpanzee groups with varied rearing and biomedical histories.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social network and dominance hierarchy analyses at Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest

2018

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Different aspects of sociality bear considerable weight on the individual- and group-level welfare of captive nonhuman primates. Social Network Analysis (SNA) is a useful tool for gaining a holistic understanding of the dynamic social relationships of captive primate groups. Gaining a greater understanding of captive chimpanzees through investigations of centrality, preferred and avoided relationships, dominance hierarchy, and social network diagrams can be useful in advising current management practices in sanctuaries and other captive settings. In this study, we investigated the dyadic social relationships, group-level social networks, and dominance hierarchy of seven chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest. We used focal-animal and instantaneous scan sampling to collect 106.75 total hours of associative, affiliative, and agonistic data from June to September 2016. We analyzed our data using SOCPROG to derive dominance hierarchies and network statistics, and we diagrammed the group’s social networks in NetDraw. Three individuals were most central in the grooming network, while two others had little connection. Through agonistic networks, we found that group members reciprocally exhibited agonism, and the group’s dominance hierarchy was statistically non-linear. One chimpanzee emerged as the most dominant through agonism but was least connected to other group members across affiliative networks. Our results indicate that the conventional methods used to calculate individuals’ dominance rank may be inadequate to wholly depict a group’s social relationships in captive sanctuary populations. Our results have an applied component that can aid sanctuary staff in a variety of ways to best ensure the improvement of group welfare.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social network and dominance hierarchy analyses at Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest

2018

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“…Such a pair bond represents the formation of a selective and a long-term social attraction between two specific adults who recognize each other and remain together after sexual activity has terminated. Monogamy usually evolves under conditions where biparental care is necessary for infant survival (Brown, 1975). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural mechanisms of mother–infant bonding and pair bonding: Similarities, differences, and broader implications

Numan¹,

Young

2016

Hormones and Behavior

281

278

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Mother-infant bonding is a characteristic of virtually all mammals. The maternal neural system may have provided the scaffold upon which other types of social bonds in mammals have been built. For example, most mammals exhibit a polygamous mating system, but monogamy and pair bonding between mating partners occurs in ∼5% of mammalian species. In mammals, it is plausible that the neural mechanisms that promote mother-infant bonding have been modified by natural selection to establish the capacity to develop a selective bond with a mate during the evolution of monogamous mating strategies. Here we compare the details of the neural mechanisms that promote mother-infant bonding in rats and other mammals with those that underpin pair bond formation in the monogamous prairie vole. Although details remain to be resolved, remarkable similarities and a few differences between the mechanisms underlying these two types of bond formation are revealed. For example, amygdala and nucleus accumbens-ventral pallidum (NA-VP) circuits are involved in both types of bond formation, and dopamine and oxytocin action within NA appears to promote the synaptic plasticity that allows either infant or mating partner stimuli to persistently activate NA-VP attraction circuits, leading to an enduring social attraction and bonding. Further, although the medial preoptic area is essential for maternal behavior, its role in pair bonding remains to be determined. Our review concludes by examining the broader implications of this comparative analysis, and evidence is provided that the maternal care system may have also provided the basic neural foundation for other types of strong social relationships, beyond pair bonding, in mammals, including humans.

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“…Animal behaviors are constantly evolving (Brown, 1975; Evans, 1962), and changes in existing behavioral genes (Chang et al, 2011; Fitzpatrick et al, 2007; Wheeler et al, 1991) has been suggested as an underlying mechanism. The frequent origin of new genes in the nervous system provides a novel alternative.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the primary functions of the brain, regardless of its level of complexity, is to control the behavior of an animal (Carew, 2000). Behaviors evolve constantly (Brown, 1975; Lowe et al, 2003), and the evolution of behavior is associated with evolution of the brain (Oro, 2004). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequent Recent Origination of Brain Genes Shaped the Evolution of Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

Chen

Spletter

et al. 2012

Cell Reports

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The evolution of the brain and behavior are coupled puzzles. The genetic bases for brain evolution are widely debated, yet whether new genes impact the evolution of the brain and behavior is vaguely understood. Here we show that during recent evolution in Drosophila, new genes have frequently acquired neuronal expression, particularly in the mushroom bodies. Evolutionary signatures combined with expression profiling showed that natural selection influenced the evolution of young genes expressed in the brain, notably in mushroom bodies. Case analyses showed that two young retrogenes are expressed in the olfactory circuit and facilitate foraging behavior. Comparative behavioral analysis revealed divergence in foraging behavior between species. Our data suggest that during adaptive evolution new genes gain expression in specific brain structures and evolve new functions in neural circuits, which might contribute to the phenotypic evolution of animal behavior.

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Russian Music and its Sources In Chant And Folk-Song. By Alfred J. Swan, New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. 234 pp. $12.50.

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Social network and dominance hierarchy analyses at Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest

Social network and dominance hierarchy analyses at Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest

Neural mechanisms of mother–infant bonding and pair bonding: Similarities, differences, and broader implications

Frequent Recent Origination of Brain Genes Shaped the Evolution of Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

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