Rural‐urban and within‐rural differences in COVID‐19 vaccination rates

Sun, Yue; Monnat, Shannon M.

doi:10.1111/jrh.12625

Cited by 104 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Although recent data show that COVID-19 vaccination rates continue to rise across all countries regardless of who most residents voted for in the 2020 US presidential election, there is a growing disparity in vaccine uptake with counties that voted Democrat outpacing counties that voted Republican (Kates et al, 2021 ). In addition, political affiliation appears to help explain rural differences with COVID-19 vaccination rates, along with education level (Sun & Monnat, 2021 ). This relationship is important to explore further in future studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HPV and COVID-19 vaccines: Social media use, confidence, and intentions among parents living in different community types in the United States

Manganello

Chiang²,

Cowlin

et al. 2022

J Behav Med

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Our study measured parental confidence and intention/uptake of two adolescent vaccines (HPV and COVID-19), focusing on differences among community types including urban, suburban, and rural. Although social media provides a way for misinformation to spread, it remains a viable forum for countering misinformation and engaging parents with positive vaccine information across community types. Yet, little is understood about differences in social media use and vaccine attitudes and behaviors for parents living in rural, suburban and urban areas. We sought to determine how to better reach parents living in different community types with targeted social media channels and messaging. In August 2021, we used a cross-sectional survey programmed in Qualtrics to collect data from 452 parents of children ages 9 to 14 living in different community types across the United States. Participants came from a survey panel maintained by CloudResearch. Survey questions asked about demographics, political affiliation, community type, social media use, health and vaccine information sources, and attitudes and behaviors regarding the HPV and COVID-19 vaccines. Our sample of parents (n = 452) most frequently used Facebook (76%), followed by YouTube (55%), and Instagram (43%). When comparing social media use by community type, parents used the top platforms at similar rates. Social media use was associated with vaccine confidence and intention/uptake in unadjusted models but not in adjusted models. Further, there were no significant differences in HPV vaccine confidence or intention/uptake by community type (i.e., rural, suburban, urban). For the COVID-19 vaccine, parents in rural communities were less likely to have vaccine confidence and intention/uptake in the unadjusted model. For both HPV and COVID-19 vaccines, political affiliation was the only common factor associated with both vaccine confidence and intention/uptake. Parents who identified as Democrat compared to Republican had greater confidence in the vaccines and had higher odds of vaccine intention/uptake for their children. Although rurality has been associated with vaccine confidence in the past we did not find that in our study. Instead, political affiliation appeared to explain most of the variation in vaccine confidence and intention/uptake, suggesting that more research is needed to identify best practices for using social media to reach parents with different political beliefs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HPV and COVID-19 vaccines: Social media use, confidence, and intentions among parents living in different community types in the United States

Manganello

Chiang²,

Cowlin

et al. 2022

J Behav Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the past, Black churches have helped to reduce other health conditions disproportionately affecting Black communities [ 37 , 38 ]. Many Black churches are located in rural areas, which tend to have higher COVID-19 mortality rates and lower vaccination rates due to limited access to care and lower educational attainment [ 39 ]. Black churches can be used to promote equitable COVID-19 vaccine outreach by increasing access to accurate information and serving as vaccination sites in rural Black communities in South Carolina.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Black Pastors in Disseminating COVID-19 Vaccination Information to Black Communities in South Carolina

Moore

Mansfield

Onsomu

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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COVID-19 vaccination rates have increased since distribution began in December 2020. However, in some states, such as South Carolina, getting people to take the vaccine has been challenging; as of spring 2022, slightly less than 60% of the total population is fully vaccinated. Vaccine hesitancy among Black Americans may be explained by several factors, including lack of confidence in the medical establishment and vaccines in particular. Faith-based leaders, such as pastors, can make a difference. This study explores the communication strategies that pastors in predominantly Black churches use to increase COVID-19 vaccination rates among churchgoers and the surrounding community. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 pastors in South Carolina. The main themes that emerged are: (1) using various communication channels to ensure access; (2) representing a trusted source of information; (3) offering a role model for vaccination—leading by example; and (4) strengthening the commitment to health. As the need for COVID-19 vaccination continues, including booster vaccines, pastors can provide accurate information and community outreach to promote the health of Black communities.

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“…We included measures of the percentages of uninsured patients, patients diagnosed with obesity, and patients diagnosed with depression or mood disorder to account for differences in insurance coverage and health status between CHC patient populations. Given the negative impacts of COVID-19 on rural well-being, 11 as well as evidence of lower vaccination rates among rural residents, 12 we accounted for CHC rurality by including a binary measure equal to 1 if a CHC served a predominantly rural patient population, and equal to 0 if the CHC served a mostly urban patient population. Finally, our regression models included measures of total patient population size and total supplemental funding received for COVID-19-related support in 2020 (eg, Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security [CARES] Act) to account for differences in organizational size and COVID-19 testing and care capacity, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Data on Predictors of COVID-19 Treatment Frequency at Community Health Centers

Goldstein

Seiber²

2021

J Prim Care Community Health

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Introduction: Federally-funded community health centers (CHCs) serve on the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic, providing essential COVID-19 testing and care for vulnerable patient populations. Overlooked in the scholarly literature is a description of how different characteristics and vulnerabilities shaped COVID-19 care delivery at CHCs in the first year of the pandemic. Our research objective was to identify organization- and state-level factors associated with more or fewer COVID-19 care and testing visits at CHCs in 2020. Methods: Multilevel random intercept regression models examined associations among organization and state-level predictor variables and the frequency of COVID-19 care and testing visits at CHCs in 2020. The study sample included 1267 CHCs across the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Results: The average CHC provided 932 patient visits for COVID-19-related care in 2020. Yet, the CHC’s role in delivering COVID-19 services proved as diverse as the populations and localities CHCs serve. For example, after adjusting for other factors, each percentage-point increase in a CHC’s Hispanic patient population size was associated with a 1.3% increase in the frequency of patient visits for COVID-19 care in 2020 ( P < .001). Serving a predominantly rural patient population was associated with providing significantly fewer COVID-19-related care visits ( P = .002). Operating in a state that enacted a mask-wearing policy in 2020 was associated with a 26.2% lower frequency of COVID-19 testing visits at CHCs in 2020, compared to CHCs operating in states without mask-wearing policies ( P = .055). Conclusions: In response to the pandemic, the federal government legislated funding to help CHCs address challenges associated with COVID-19 and provide services to medically-underserved patient populations. Policymakers will likely need to provide additional support to help CHCs address population-specific vulnerabilities affecting COVID-19 care and testing delivery, especially as highly contagious COVID-19 variants proliferate (eg, Delta and Omicron).

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Rural‐urban and within‐rural differences in COVID‐19 vaccination rates

Cited by 104 publications

References 19 publications

HPV and COVID-19 vaccines: Social media use, confidence, and intentions among parents living in different community types in the United States

HPV and COVID-19 vaccines: Social media use, confidence, and intentions among parents living in different community types in the United States

The Role of Black Pastors in Disseminating COVID-19 Vaccination Information to Black Communities in South Carolina

Early Data on Predictors of COVID-19 Treatment Frequency at Community Health Centers

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