RuO₂ Particles Anchored on Brush‐Like 3D Carbon Cloth Guide Homogenous Li/Na Nucleation Framework for Stable Li/Na Anode

Abstract

Lithium (sodium)-metal batteries are the most promising batteries for next-generation electrical energy storage due to their high volumetric energy density and gravimetric energy density. However, their applications have been prevented by uncontrollable dendrite growth and large volume expansion during the stripping/plating process. To address this issue, the key strategy is to realize uniform lithium (sodium) deposition during the stripping/plating process. Herein, a thin lithiophilic layer consisting of RuO 2 particles anchored on brush-like 3D carbon cloth (RuO 2 @CC) is prepared by a simple solution-based method. After infusion of Li, the RuO 2 @CC transfers to Li-Ru@CC. Ru nanoparticles not only play a role in leading Li + (Na + ) to plate on the 3D carbon framework, but also lower local current density because of the good electrical conductivity. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations demonstrate that Ru metal, the reaction product of alkali metal and Ru, can lead Li + to plate evenly around carbon fiber owing to the strong binding energy with Li + . The Li-Ru@ CC anode shows ultralong cycle life (1500 h at 5 mA cm −2 ). The full cell of Li-Ru@CC|LiFePO 4 exhibits lower polarization (90% capacity retention after 650 cycles). In addition, sodium metal batteries based on Na-Ru@CC anodes can achieve similar improvement.The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.Li uniform deposition. As for the Li substrate, the Li + trend to accumulate in the concentrated region of electrons or the inadequate region of Li + , due to the weak interaction between the Li + and Li substrate, leading to lithium dendrite growth.

Covalent Organic Frameworks and Their Derivatives for Better Metal Anodes in Rechargeable Batteries

“…So modifying Li metal anode is quite necessary to realize its practical application in Li metal batteries. To date, many methods have been put forward by researchers to improve the stability of Li metal anodes. − These methods can be summarized as designing three-dimensional (3D) current collectors or hosts, − varying the constituents of liquid electrolytes, − replacing corrosive liquid electrolytes by robust solid-state electrolyte, − designing artificial SEI, − coating a protective layer, − improving the lithiophilicity of substrates, − decorating separators, − using less-reactive Li-based alloy instead of pure Li metal, − developing detection tools, , combining theoretical and experimental study, , optimizing the working environment, − controlling the crystallinity of Li deposition, and so on . The detailed description and analysis about these strategies can be found in our previous review …”

Stabilizing Metallic Na Anodes via Sodiophilicity Regulation: A Review

“…Similar to this strategy, Go et al also fabricated nanocrevasse-rich Li/Na metal polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon composites [52], but a step closer comparison with the former was that large-scale Li/Na metal carbon composites can be fabricated with a simple machine (Figure 5a). Aside from the studies mentioned above, it was widely reported that introducing alloy phases, metal oxide nanoparticles, functional groups, or heteroatom dopants could dramatically improve the sodiophilicity of CC, thereby significantly refining the stripping/plating behavior of Na metal anodes [53][54][55][56][57]. Recently, Wang et al utilized a simple Na/In liquid immersion in a CC scaffold and a subsequent condensation procedure to synthesize a Na/In/C composite (Figure 5b) [53].…”

Highly Lithiophilic Copper-Reinforced Scaffold Enables Stable Li Metal Anode

“…Although the Li dendrite has been alleviated to some extent, the intrinsic large volume expansion still exists, which should destabilize the SEI layer and inevitably deteriorate the comprehensive performance of the battery. , Recently, an effective strategy was reported to optimize Li metal by introducing three-dimensional (3D)-structured hosts to accommodate the huge volume change. − The high surface area 3D hosts can not only reduce the local current density but could also make uniform the Li + flux and suppress Li dendrite growth. − Various 3D-structured skeletons have been adopted as hosts for Li metal anode, including Cu or Ni foam, , graphene oxide (GO), , carbon nanofibers (CNF), etc. Nevertheless, restricted by the lithiophobic nature of most matrixes, some additional lithiophilic sites are usually indispensable, e.g., Ag, Ru, Au, Zn, Co, etc. Particularly, low-cost transition metals are much more promising than the noble ones, and facial, scalable site preparation methods are also urgently demanded.…”

“…22−24 The high surface area 3D hosts can not only reduce the local current density but could also make uniform the Li + flux and suppress Li dendrite growth. 25−28 Various 3D-structured skeletons have been adopted as hosts for Li metal anode, including Cu or Ni foam, 29,30 graphene oxide (GO), 31,32 carbon nanofibers (CNF), 33 usually indispensable, e.g., Ag, 34 Ru, 35 Au, 36 Zn, 37 Co, 38 etc. Particularly, low-cost transition metals are much more promising than the noble ones, and facial, scalable site preparation methods are also urgently demanded.…”