Running Head: Heat Affects Cholesterol and Bile Acid Alterations in Cholesterol and Bile Acids Metabolism in Large White Pigs during Short-Term Heat Exposure

Wei, Fang; Wen, Xiaobin; Meng, Qingshi; Liu, Lei; Xie, Jingjing; Zhang, Hongfu; Everaert, Nadia

doi:10.3390/ani10020359

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Performance responses of pigs in response to treatment have been previously described in detail ( Fang et al., 2020 ). Briefly, pigs in the HS treatment had approximately 55% lower cumulative feed intake and lost body weight (−0.69 kg, P < 0.01) whereas TN and PF pigs gained 2.46 and 0.38 kg in body weight, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A detailed description of the methods has been previously published ( Fang et al., 2020 ). Briefly, 24 crossbred boars (63.2 ± 9.5 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: 1) thermoneutral conditions (TN, 23 ± 1 °C) ( n = 8), 2) exposed to heat stress conditions (HS, 33 ± 1 °C) ( n = 8), 3) pair-fed (PF, 23 ± 1 °C) ( n = 8).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our previous study has indicated that 72 h HS influenced the composition of second bile acids, which were produced by gut microbiota ( Fang et al., 2020 ). Hence, we hypothesized that acute HS may cause potential changes in gut microbiota, and this would be related to HS-related physiological responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heat stress-induced mucosal barrier dysfunction is potentially associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis in pigs

Xia

Wei

et al. 2022

Animal Nutrition

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Heat stress (HS) can be detrimental to the gut health of swine. Many negative outcomes induced by HS are increasingly recognized as including modulation of intestinal microbiota. In turn, the intestinal microbiota is a unique ecosystem playing a critical role in mediating the host stress response. Therefore, we aimed to characterize gut microbiota of pigs’ exposure to short-term HS, to explore a possible link between the intestinal microbiota and HS-related changes, including serum cytokines, oxidation status, and intestinal epithelial barrier function. Our findings showed that HS led to intestinal morphological and integrity changes (villus height, serum diamine oxidase [DAO], serum D-lactate and the relative expressions of tight junction proteins), reduction of serum cytokines (interleukin [IL]-8, IL-12, interferon-gamma [IFN-γ]), and antioxidant activity (higher glutathione [GSH] and malondialdehyde [MDA] content, and lower superoxide dismutase [SOD]). Also, 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that although there was no difference in microbial α-diversity, some HS-associated composition differences were revealed in the ileum and cecum, which partly led to an imbalance in the production of short-chain fatty acids including propionate acid and valerate acid. Relevance networks revealed that HS-derived changes in bacterial genera and microbial metabolites, such as Chlamydia, Lactobacillus, Succinivibrio, Bifidobacterium, Lachnoclostridium, and propionic acid, were correlated with oxidative stress, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and inflammation in pigs. Collectively, our observations suggest that intestinal damage induced by HS is probably partly related to the gut microbiota dysbiosis, though the underlying mechanism remains to be fully elucidated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heat stress-induced mucosal barrier dysfunction is potentially associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis in pigs

Xia

Wei

et al. 2022

Animal Nutrition

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“…The synergistic effect of BS and LTN could be attributed to the improvement of absorption and metabolism of fat and fat soluble components, such as LTN, whereas, BS has an amphipathic characteristic and is capable of transforming lipid bilayers to mixed micelles and facilitates the hydrolysis process induced by lipases [ 71 , 72 , 73 ]. Accordingly, the determination of carotenoid content in the present study showed the highest accumulation in the BS+LTN supplemented group ( Table 4 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergism of Dietary Co-Supplementation with Lutein and Bile Salts Improved the Growth Performance, Carotenoid Content, Antioxidant Capacity, Lipid Metabolism, and Lipase Activity of the Marbled Spinefoot Rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus

Mansour

El-feky

El-Beltagi

et al. 2020

Animals

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A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary supplementation with bile salts (BS), lutein (LTN), and their combination on growth, survival, carotenoid content, and antioxidant status of rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) larvae. Fish were fed four isonitrogenous (34.39% protein) and isoenergetic (20.57 kJ/g) diets supplemented with BS (0.15 g kg−1), LTN (0.1 g kg−1), BS+LTN (0.15 and 0.1 g kg−1, respectively), and a non-supplemented control diet. The results revealed that fish fed BS+LTN had the highest significant specific growth rate (4.37% day−1), feed efficiency (46.55%), and survival (97.78%). Lutein supplementation improved whole-body protein content, meanwhile, fish fed a BS-supplemented diet had a higher lipid content. The carotenoid deposition was significantly increased with LTN and BS+LTN in skin, muscle, and whole body compared to the control and BS treatment. All dietary supplementation of BS and LTN showed significant improvement in total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. Additionally, LTN alone or BS+LTN significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels by 5.30 and 29.91%, respectively compared to the control. BS supplementation modulated aminopeptidases activities, triglycerides, cholesterol, and increased the activity of pancreatic lipase. Therefore, it could be inferred that dietary supplementation with LTN in combination with BS could improve the growth performance, carotenoid deposition, antioxidant status, lipid digestion, and metabolism of S. rivulatus.

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“…The validity of respiratory rate as an indicator has been proven by several authors [ 45 , 70 , 83 , 105 , 106 ], who have used it as a thermal status indicator (see the Results section). In terms of reliability as an indicator, the current method with which this variable is measured has limitations, as counting the movements of the flank requires a trained observer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Systematic review of animal-based indicators to measure thermal, social, and immune-related stress in pigs

et al. 2022

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The intense nature of pig production has increased the animals’ exposure to stressful conditions, which may be detrimental to their welfare and productivity. Some of the most common sources of stress in pigs are extreme thermal conditions (thermal stress), density and mixing during housing (social stress), or exposure to pathogens and other microorganisms that may challenge their immune system (immune-related stress). The stress response can be monitored based on the animals’ coping mechanisms, as a result of specific environmental, social, and health conditions. These animal-based indicators may support decision making to maintain animal welfare and productivity. The present study aimed to systematically review animal-based indicators of social, thermal, and immune-related stresses in farmed pigs, and the methods used to monitor them. Peer-reviewed scientific literature related to pig production was collected using three online search engines: ScienceDirect, Scopus, and PubMed. The manuscripts selected were grouped based on the indicators measured during the study. According to our results, body temperature measured with a rectal thermometer was the most commonly utilized method for the evaluation of thermal stress in pigs (87.62%), as described in 144 studies. Of the 197 studies that evaluated social stress, aggressive behavior was the most frequently-used indicator (81.81%). Of the 535 publications examined regarding immune-related stress, cytokine concentration in blood samples was the most widely used indicator (80.1%). Information about the methods used to measure animal-based indicators is discussed in terms of validity, reliability, and feasibility. Additionally, the introduction and wide spreading of alternative, less invasive methods with which to measure animal-based indicators, such as cortisol in saliva, skin temperature and respiratory rate via infrared thermography, and various animal welfare threats via vocalization analysis are highlighted. The information reviewed was used to discuss the feasible and most reliable methods with which to monitor the impact of relevant stressors commonly presented by intense production systems on the welfare of farmed pigs.

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Running Head: Heat Affects Cholesterol and Bile Acid Alterations in Cholesterol and Bile Acids Metabolism in Large White Pigs during Short-Term Heat Exposure

Cited by 10 publications

References 57 publications

Heat stress-induced mucosal barrier dysfunction is potentially associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis in pigs

Heat stress-induced mucosal barrier dysfunction is potentially associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis in pigs

Synergism of Dietary Co-Supplementation with Lutein and Bile Salts Improved the Growth Performance, Carotenoid Content, Antioxidant Capacity, Lipid Metabolism, and Lipase Activity of the Marbled Spinefoot Rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus

Systematic review of animal-based indicators to measure thermal, social, and immune-related stress in pigs

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