Ruminal methanogenesis and biohydrogenation reduction potential of papaya (Carica papaya) leaf: anin vitrostudy

Abstract

An in vitro gas production study was conducted to test the effect of papaya leaf (PL) at different concentrations of 0 (CON), 10% (Low PL: LPL), 15% (Medium PL: MPL) and 25% (High PL: HPL) of replacement with alfalfa hay (AH) in substrate (50% AH þ 50% concentrate) on rumen methane (CH 4 ) production, rumen biohydrogenation (BH) of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and rumen microbial population. PL at different concentrations were mixed with 30 ml of buffered rumen fluid and were incubated for 24 h. Methane production (ml/250 mg DM) declined at a decreasing rate (linear p ¼ 0.03) with increasing levels of PL. The acetic/propionic ratio (1.80) was lowest (p < 0.05) for HPL compared with CON (2.04), LPL (1.95) and MPL (1.89). Supplementation of the diet with PL significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the rate of BH of C18:2n-6 (LA) and C18 PUFA after 24 h of incubation especially at the higher inclusion rate, resulting in an increased production of rumen BH intermediates such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), whereas saturated fatty acid (SFA) decreased in the rumen fluid after 24 h of incubation. Estimates of rumen microbial population using real-time PCR assay showed a reduction in total methanogens (p < 0.05) in MPL (À12%) and HPL (À16%) and increase in total bacteria population (HPL: þ5%) and Butyrivibro fibrisolvens (MPL: þ20; HPL: þ23%) among PL treatment groups compared with the CON group. These results emphasise PL as a beneficial feed material for ruminants. ARTICLE HISTORY

Effects of polyphenol rich bamboo leaf on rumen fermentation characteristics and methane gas production in an in vitro condition

“…It has been shown that tannin containing feed materials suppress rumen methanogenesis (Kushwaha et al 2011). Leaves of papaya inhibited rumen methane production until 38% as compared with control at 24 h of incubation in an in vitro study conducted by ourselves (Jafari et al 2016). Our in vitro results conûrm that all tannins containing feed materials have different effect on rumen methanogenesis.…”

“…A modiûed Folin-Ciocalteu method using polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (Sigma-Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany) was used to determine the phenolic compound (total phenol (TP), total tannin (TT), condensed tannin (CT), hydrolyzed tannin (HT)) in BL. The method was conducted as described by Jafari et al (2016). The values were calibrated against a gallic acid standard (Sigma-Aldrich GmbH) and expressed as gallic acid equivalents.…”

“…Internal standard (4methyl-n-valeric acid) was used for VFA determination. NH 3 N (mg/dL) concentration was found using the method as described by Jafari et al (2016).…”

Dietary supplementation of papaya (Carica papaya l.) leaf affects abundance of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and modulates biohydrogenation of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the rumen of goats

“…In our previous study, the phenolic compounds were shown to be present in PL and PL methanolic extract (Jafari et al 2016a(Jafari et al , 2017. Furthermore, various levels of PL, PL methanolic extract and different solvent fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water) of PL inhibited ruminal BH of C18 PUFA and increased abundance of B. fibrisolvens at 24 h of incubation in an in vitro condition (Jafari et al 2016a(Jafari et al , 2016b(Jafari et al , 2017. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of PL on fatty acid composition, BH of C18 PUFA and abundance of B. fibrisolvens in the rumen of goats have not yet been reported and proven in an in vivo condition.…”

“…The PL contains a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites such as saponin, tannins and other phenolic compounds which is being used in different countries as a medicinal supplement due to its anti-bacterial activity (Ikram et al 2015). In our previous study, the phenolic compounds were shown to be present in PL and PL methanolic extract (Jafari et al 2016a(Jafari et al , 2017. Furthermore, various levels of PL, PL methanolic extract and different solvent fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water) of PL inhibited ruminal BH of C18 PUFA and increased abundance of B. fibrisolvens at 24 h of incubation in an in vitro condition (Jafari et al 2016a(Jafari et al , 2016b(Jafari et al , 2017.…”