RPL routing protocol over IoT: A comprehensive survey, recent advances, insights, bibliometric analysis, recommendations, and future directions

Darabkh, Khalid A.; Al-Akhras, Muna; Zomot, Jumana N.; Atiquzzaman, Mohammed

doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2022.103476

Cited by 38 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 132 publications

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“…The efficiency and longevity of WSNs can be significantly influenced by Node Death Intervals, which denote the number of rounds until the occurrence of FND, HND, and AND. These intervals offer valuable insights into energy efficiency, workload distribution, and overall sustainability of the WSN [67], [68]. Table II clearly demonstrates that the approach proposed in this research, referred to as "Proposed (This Paper)," stands out with unmatched superiority in terms of extended Node Death Intervals.…”

Section: B Performance Analysismentioning

confidence: 92%

LEACH Protocol with Angular Area Routing: Boosting Energy Efficiency and QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks

Haidar Hari,

Sholihul Hadi,

Sujito

2024

IJCDS

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) stand as a vital component in contemporary wireless technology. The endurance of nodes within WSNs significantly influences system efficiency. This study delves into five energy management and node longevity strategies: Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), LEACH-C, TS-I-LEACH, LEACH-Enh-DVHOP, and an original method proposed herein. Graphical analysis underscores the marked enhancement of the proposed method in sustaining active nodes over rounds, notably in initial phases compared to other methods. A pivotal innovation lies in employing angular area-based routing, augmenting resource allocation and energy efficiency. Moreover, the study introduces a node's probability to serve as a Cluster Head (CH), leveraging the refined threshold formula "T A(i)," contingent on its distance from the base station and the midpoint of the represented zone, denoted by "δ(i)". This approach offers a novel means to bolster node longevity in WSNs while optimizing energy usage. Furthermore, the study evaluates the time required to reach the point where all nodes are depleted of energy, referred to as the "All Node Die" metric, against the number of rounds (r). LEACH-Enh-DVHOP (the previous study) exhibits a 63.14% increase in energy efficiency over LEACH Original, while in this study, Proposed (This Paper) demonstrates a 3.10% improvement over LEACH-Enh-DVHOP. Additionally, an enhancement in Quality of Service (QoS) is observed. The packet delivery ratio increases by 200% compared to LEACH Original for LEACH-Enh-DVHOP and by 383.3% for Proposed (This Paper) compared to LEACH-Enh-DVHOP (previous study). The study's outcomes are poised to advance WSN technology in the future significantly, redefining energy management paradigms and enriching node sustainability in wireless networks.

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Section: B Performance Analysismentioning

confidence: 92%

LEACH Protocol with Angular Area Routing: Boosting Energy Efficiency and QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks

Haidar Hari,

Sholihul Hadi,

Sujito

2024

IJCDS

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“…These requirements are fulfilled in LLNs by the RPL protocol in the method of distance vector routing with 6LoWPAN. It works on the network layer, several link layers, and the IEEE 802.15.4 standard [7].…”

Section: Rplmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…i represent the candidate parent nodes in DODAG. Equation (7) allows finding the total node in the DODAG.…”

Section: Child Countmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weighted Sum Metrics – Based Load Balancing RPL Objective Function for IoT

Subramani¹,

Bojan²

2023

AETiC

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The technological development of Internet of Things (IoT) applications is emerging and attracting the attention of the real world in the automated industry, agriculture, environment, and scientific community. In most scenarios, extending the network lifetime of an IoT network is highly challenging because of constrained nodes. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is the core component of IoT applications. In addition, the WSN nodes are required for the network processes, particularly routing, energy maintenance, load balance, congestion control, packet delivery, quick response, and more. The failure of any of the above network processes will affect the entire network operation. IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy network (RPL) provides high routing solutions to IoT applications requirements. The load balance, congestion control, traffic load, and bottleneck problems are still open issues in the RPL. To resolve the load balance issue, we propose a weighted sum method objective function (WSM-OF), which provides the ability to select the alternative parent in routing by RPL metrics. WSM-OF adopts congestion control and load balancing to avoid heavy traffic and extend the network's node lifetime. The network parameters of control overhead, jitter, packet delivery ratio, parent switching, energy consumption, latency, and network lifetime are implemented and analyzed through the COOJA simulator. The result shows that the WSM-OF improves the network performance and significantly enhances the network lifetime by up to 7.8%.

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“…Moreover, Ref. [46] also proposed ER-RPL. This solution intends to present efficient energy-enabled P2P communications without influencing the network's reliability.…”

Section: Improvements Of Rplmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ref. [46,47] proposed an mRPL++, an mRPL's "Smarter-HOP" version, to modify RPL mobility. It aims to assess the best route in mobile scenarios.…”

Section: Improvements Of Rplmentioning

confidence: 99%

QFS-RPL: RPL Based Energy and Mobility Aware Multi Path Routing Protocol for the Internet of Mobile Things Data Transfer Infrastructures

Alilou

Sangar

Majidzadeh

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of various interconnected objects capable of collecting and exchanging data without human interaction. These objects have limited processing power, storage space, memory, bandwidth and energy. Therefore, due to these limitations, data transmission and routing are challenging issues where data collection and analysis methods are essential. The Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is one of the best alternatives to ensure routing in LoWPAN6 networks. However, RPL lacks scalability and basically designed for non-dynamic devices. Another drawback of the RPL protocol is the lack of load balancing support, leading to unfair distribution of traffic in the network that may decrease network efficiency. This study proposes a novel RPL-based routing protocol, QFS-RPL, using Q-learning algorithm policy and ideation from the Fisheye State Routing (FSR) protocol. The proposed QFS-RPL is as lightweight and agile as the standardized RPL and partially outperforms the mRPL protocol on mobile networks. This method supports multi-path routing, and at any given time in the network lifetime, all possible paths for sending data from any node to the sink are available. Therefore, QFS-RPL provides high resilience against errors, failures, and sudden network changes. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the Contiki operating system and Cooja simulator have been used in scenarios with mobile and stationary nodes and random network topologies. The results have been compared with RPL and mRPL. We have developed an algorithm for ease of data transfer in the IoT, which provides better performance than existing protocols, especially when dealing with a mobile network. The performance evaluation criteria considered for simulation are load balancing, energy consumption, number of table entries, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), End-to-End (E2E) latency, network throughput, convergence speed, and control packet overhead.

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RPL routing protocol over IoT: A comprehensive survey, recent advances, insights, bibliometric analysis, recommendations, and future directions

Cited by 38 publications

References 132 publications

LEACH Protocol with Angular Area Routing: Boosting Energy Efficiency and QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks

LEACH Protocol with Angular Area Routing: Boosting Energy Efficiency and QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks

Weighted Sum Metrics – Based Load Balancing RPL Objective Function for IoT

QFS-RPL: RPL Based Energy and Mobility Aware Multi Path Routing Protocol for the Internet of Mobile Things Data Transfer Infrastructures

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