LEACH Protocol with Angular Area Routing: Boosting Energy Efficiency and QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) stand as a vital component in contemporary wireless technology. The endurance of nodes within WSNs significantly influences system efficiency. This study delves into five energy management and node longevity strategies: Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), LEACH-C, TS-I-LEACH, LEACH-Enh-DVHOP, and an original method proposed herein. Graphical analysis underscores the marked enhancement of the proposed method in sustaining active nodes over rounds, notably in initial phases compared to other methods. A pivotal innovation lies in employing angular area-based routing, augmenting resource allocation and energy efficiency. Moreover, the study introduces a node's probability to serve as a Cluster Head (CH), leveraging the refined threshold formula "T A(i)," contingent on its distance from the base station and the midpoint of the represented zone, denoted by "δ(i)". This approach offers a novel means to bolster node longevity in WSNs while optimizing energy usage. Furthermore, the study evaluates the time required to reach the point where all nodes are depleted of energy, referred to as the "All Node Die" metric, against the number of rounds (r). LEACH-Enh-DVHOP (the previous study) exhibits a 63.14% increase in energy efficiency over LEACH Original, while in this study, Proposed (This Paper) demonstrates a 3.10% improvement over LEACH-Enh-DVHOP. Additionally, an enhancement in Quality of Service (QoS) is observed. The packet delivery ratio increases by 200% compared to LEACH Original for LEACH-Enh-DVHOP and by 383.3% for Proposed (This Paper) compared to LEACH-Enh-DVHOP (previous study). The study's outcomes are poised to advance WSN technology in the future significantly, redefining energy management paradigms and enriching node sustainability in wireless networks.