RPL-based routing protocols for multi-sink wireless sensor networks

Farooq, Muhammad Omer; Sreenan, Cormac J.; Brown, Kenneth N.; Kunz, Thomas

doi:10.1109/wimob.2015.7347997

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…After the analysis, the article concludes that to remain a viable option in the IoT domain, RPL needs improvement especially in P2P communications to support emerging IoT use cases. Experimental performance evaluation of RPL using hop-count and/or ETX routing metrics is presented in [6], [7], [8], and RPL performance evaluation for multi-gateway networks using different objective functions is presented in [9]. To reactively discover P2P communication paths, enhancements for RPL are proposed in [10] and [11].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

ERPL: An Enhanced Peer-to-Peer Routing Mechanism for Low-Power and Lossy Networks

Farooq

Pesch

2018

2018 11th IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC)

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

ERPL: An Enhanced Peer-to-Peer Routing Mechanism for Low-Power and Lossy Networks

Farooq

Pesch

2018

2018 11th IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC)

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“…() However, few works focus on the design of RPL‐based for multisink networks in particular. () All these works demonstrate that the performance of LLNs in general can be improved by deploying multiple sinks in the network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Farooq et al designed and analyzed multiple RPL‐based routing protocols for multisink WSNs. The routing protocols used different OFs and routing metrics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rescue‐Sink: Dynamic sink augmentation for RPL in the Internet of Things

Khelifi

Nataf

Oteafy

et al. 2018

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is largely built on the interconnection of low‐power networked devices, generally referred to as low‐power and lossy networks (LLNs). The prime routing protocol designed over IPv6, named routing protocol for LLNs (RPL), presents the main effort to standardize an IPv6‐based routing protocol for all LLNs. Routing protocol for LLNs has gained significant prominence in IoT research due to its flexibility in adapting to different topologies and could run in agnostic replicas over the same network to serve different applications. However, as RPL is based on virtualizing a tree topology, many challenges ensue in scaling with network traffic and diverse traffic patterns in the IoT. The current RPL standard focus on operation under a single sink, toward which all traffic flows, and thereby its survivability determines the lifetime of the IoT network. However, it mentions briefly in its RFC6550, the using of multiple roots. However, it does not study when, where, and how deploying multiple roots. In this paper, we propose a dynamic Rescue Sink protocol, which actively monitors the performance of IoT nodes in a given RPL network and introduces a dynamic mechanism for mitigating RPL performance by introducing new sinks when needed. We define a suffering index computed over intervals by RPL nodes in a decentralized approach, which monitors their tendency to yield high traffic load without inducing control overhead. Furthermore, our Rescue Sink protocol is designed in line with the RPL standard, and we elaborate on all the components to integrate with the standard. We present a thorough evaluation of our Sink Rescue protocol, using the Cooja simulator over the Contiki OS, most prevalently used in IoT devices. We demonstrate the performance improvements in terms of energy consumption and data delivery.

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“…The article concludes that to remain a viable option in the IoT domain, RPL needs improvement, especially in P2P communications, to support emerging IoT use cases. Experimental performance evaluation of RPL using hop-count and/or ETX routing metrics is presented in [7,8,9], and RPL performance evaluation for multi-gateway networks using different objective functions is presented in [10]. To reactively discover P2P communication paths, enhancements for RPL are proposed in [11,12].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Overhead Routing in Short-Range Low-Power and Lossy Wireless Networks

Farooq

Pesch

2019

Sensors

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In this paper we present enhanced routing protocol for low-lower and lossy networks (ERPL), a reduced overhead routing protocol for short-range low-power and lossy wireless networks, based on RPL. ERPL enhances peer-to-peer (P2P) route construction and data packet forwarding in RPL’s storing and non-storing modes of operation (MoPs). In order to minimize source routing overhead, it encodes routing paths in Bloom Filters (BF). The salient features of ERPL include the following: (i) optimized P2P routing and data forwarding; (ii) no additional control messages; and (iii) minimized source routing overhead. We extensively evaluated ERPL against RPL using emulation, simulation, and physical test-bed based experiments. Our results demonstrate that ERPL outperforms standard RPL in P2P communication and its optimized P2P route construction and data forwarding algorithms also positively impact the protocol’s performance in multi-point to point (MP2P) and point to multi-point (P2MP) communications. Our results demonstrate that the BF-based approach towards compressed source routing information is feasible for the kinds of networks considered in this paper. The BF-based approach results in 65% lower source routing control overhead compared to RPL. Our results also provide new insights into the performance of MP2P, P2MP, and P2P communications relative to RPL’s destination-oriented directed a-cyclic graph (DODAG) depth, i.e., a deeper DODAG negatively impacts the performance of MP2P and P2MP communications, however it positively impacts P2P communication, while the reverse holds true for a relatively shallow DODAG.

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RPL-based routing protocols for multi-sink wireless sensor networks

Cited by 20 publications

References 25 publications

ERPL: An Enhanced Peer-to-Peer Routing Mechanism for Low-Power and Lossy Networks

ERPL: An Enhanced Peer-to-Peer Routing Mechanism for Low-Power and Lossy Networks

Rescue‐Sink: Dynamic sink augmentation for RPL in the Internet of Things

Reduced Overhead Routing in Short-Range Low-Power and Lossy Wireless Networks

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