Abstract:O estabelecimento de padrões e princípios para aplicação de normas de proteção de direitos de propriedade intelectual sobre as cultivares é uma medida fundamental a qualquer país, essencialmente ao Brasil, um dos países mais ricos em biodiversidade do mundo. Dessa forma, é objetivo desse trabalho realizar uma revisão sistemática para analisar a produção científica em proteção das principais cultivares protegidas, identificar parâmetros e métodos existentes para definição das taxas de royalties e os mecanismos … Show more
“…In some countries, such as the United States, it is illegal to produce saved seed. In Paraguay, however, producers who produce their own seed must pay royalties and declare the amount saved, as is the case in Brazil (SILVA et al, 2021).…”
The cost of seeds in soybean production is high. Looking for alternatives to reduce expenditure on this input is interesting from an economic point of view. The aim of this study was to measure the cost of producing soybean seed on the farm itself and to carry out an economic analysis of this activity in comparison with certified seed. The case study was carried out on a farm located in the municipality of Jataí-GO. The variable and fixed costs and the total operating cost of four materials (CZB32, CZB43, 73i75, Foco and Bônus) were determined in four parts: sowing and handling, harvesting, post-harvesting and administration. In the end, there was a high production cost for saved seeds, but their average total cost was lower than certified seeds and they were financially profitable for the rural company, as they had lower costs and greater savings for the rural producer. The average saving generated by self-production was R$10,351.70 bigbag-1 compared to certified seed. After being produced, they were sown in the 2022/2023 harvest. However, for this study, some saved seeds proved to be economically viable. However, others had low final yields, which meant that the decision point between using one or the other was close, making saving unfeasible. Investments in both handling and post-harvest are needed to increase the agronomic efficiency of saved seeds and make them more economically interesting for producers.
“…In some countries, such as the United States, it is illegal to produce saved seed. In Paraguay, however, producers who produce their own seed must pay royalties and declare the amount saved, as is the case in Brazil (SILVA et al, 2021).…”
The cost of seeds in soybean production is high. Looking for alternatives to reduce expenditure on this input is interesting from an economic point of view. The aim of this study was to measure the cost of producing soybean seed on the farm itself and to carry out an economic analysis of this activity in comparison with certified seed. The case study was carried out on a farm located in the municipality of Jataí-GO. The variable and fixed costs and the total operating cost of four materials (CZB32, CZB43, 73i75, Foco and Bônus) were determined in four parts: sowing and handling, harvesting, post-harvesting and administration. In the end, there was a high production cost for saved seeds, but their average total cost was lower than certified seeds and they were financially profitable for the rural company, as they had lower costs and greater savings for the rural producer. The average saving generated by self-production was R$10,351.70 bigbag-1 compared to certified seed. After being produced, they were sown in the 2022/2023 harvest. However, for this study, some saved seeds proved to be economically viable. However, others had low final yields, which meant that the decision point between using one or the other was close, making saving unfeasible. Investments in both handling and post-harvest are needed to increase the agronomic efficiency of saved seeds and make them more economically interesting for producers.
“…However, when considering new varieties of plants, it is not easy to think about this valuation in detail, and what is done is to consider production to estimate royalty rates. Thus, given the lack of detail in these royalty charges, gaps are opened for further research on the subject to better monitor production gains and tax them to return investments in obtaining new plant varieties (E. J. de S. Silva et al, 2021). For technological innovations of products that require intellectual protection, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), internationally, currently comprising 187 Members, aims to promote the protection of international intellectual property and thus act as essential allies of economic and social development.…”
Genetic breeding is based on the inheritance of quantitative traits, which provides the basis for developing methods that can be used to increase the rate of genetic improvement, known as genetic gain. Through selection, new varieties of plants can be obtained, which can be protected. Thus, this research investigates the mechanisms for estimating royalties in protected cultivars and the importance of genetic gains in such estimations. A systematic review was carried out based on articles published in 10 years, from 2009 to 2019, in the scientific bases Scopus (71) and Web of Science (73). The main crop, take as an example, was sugar cane. A survey of documents was carried out containing the Boolean terms and operators: “(genetic * and gain) and (sugarcane or cane)” in the title and/or abstract. One hundred forty-four articles were searched. After processing the data and removing duplicate documents, 107 scientific articles remained. With an average publication of 6.38 publications per year. Average of 14.6 citations per document. There were 463 authors and 456 co-authors, with nine documents having single authorship and an average of 4.33 authors per article. After the refinement process, a study sample of 25 articles was obtained. The analyzed journals provided information about the estimates, applied model, and study variables, being of great importance in constructing a linear regression model of royalty valuation linked to intellectual property rights related to the breeder of plant breeding.
“…O campo de produção de sementes ou o lote de sementes poderá ser rebaixado de categoria pelo órgão de fiscalização, por solicitação do produtor, na forma estabelecida em norma complementar, sem prejuízo do disposto na Lei nº 9.456, de 1997, quando tratar-se de cultivar protegida(BRASIL, 2020).A fiscalização em meio a concretização do decreto 10.586/2020 tornou-se mais severa, visando que as alterações mais indispensáveis fossem realizadas pelo MAPA (Ministério da Agricultura ou de Pecuária). Esta mudança apesar de modificar muitas coisas, visto a sua burocracia, possibilita o acompanhamento do Estado nas atividades relacionadas a sementes e mudas, podendo observar que esta medida pode facilitar o país na observação dos avanços iminentes no Brasil e no cenário nacional.DeSouza Silva (2021) afirmaram que a mudança na legislação traz consigo as observações mediante as sementes ou mudas que devem seguir as alterações impostas pelo Ministério da Agricultura e suas perspectivas impostas, além da apresentação da certificação da originalidade da genética da semente, devendo dispor essa informação através de um documento que certifique e a auditoria e fiscalização em casos de amostra oficial, através desses meios que ocorrem a devida obtenção de sementes e mudas.A instrução normativa de N° 46 de setembro de 2013 (Quadros 2 e 3) está diretamente atrelada ao decreto 10.586/2020, pois é perante está normativa que possibilitam autorizar os tipos de sementes e espécies a qual são permitidas no Brasil, visando preservar as produções, sendo está normativa um meio de restringir sementes que são nocivas, delimitando tanto a plantação dessas sementes quanto a comercialização e sua produção, entretanto está normativa não infere os tipos de sementes aplicados em espécies forrageiras de clima tropical que está instituída na Instrução Normativa N° 30, de 21 de maiode 2008de (BRASIL, 2013.…”
O objetivo desse trabalho foi montar e apresentar um mostruário com 130 espécies de plantas daninhas, embasada cientifica e legalmente, para que laboratórios que o utilizar possa ter segurança em analisar as diversas sementes de cultura que se submeter a sua observação. Plantas daninhas são fatores limitantes na produção agrícola, pois interfere na qualidade e pode trazer no seu microclima patógenos além de insetos e outras pragas que irão comprometer o resultado final da lavoura. Desta forma é importantíssimo que se este fator não pode ser bloqueado de forma total, deve ser então controlado da melhor forma possível, e uma forma bastante eficiente e inteligente é conseguir analisá-lo na fonte, ou seja, nas análises laboratoriais das sementes. As sementes de cultura, quando na sua produção, não tem o controle eficiente das plantas daninhas, contaminam as sementes que serão comercializadas e enviadas a inúmeras localidades para outros municípios, estados e as vezes até para outros países. Sendo assim é muito importante que seja controlada todo essas análises, através de leis e rigorosa fiscalização governamental. Por outro lado, as empresas de análises laboratoriais de sementes precisam ter parâmetros para poder analisar de forma eficiente e poder atingir os índices a altura da fiscalização vigente, bem como conseguir estar no nível de excelência como o patamar que a agricultura brasileira conseguiu atingir no cenário internacional de produção agrícola. Entre tantos equipamentos e metodologias descrita em leis que os órgãos fiscalizatórios utilizam, encontra-se o mostruário de sementes de espécies nocivas toleradas e proibidas.
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