Routes of Spread of Anthrax in Natural Ecosystems

Timofeev, Vitalii; Бахтеева, И. В.; Титарева, Г. М.; Гончарова, Ю. О.; Дятлов, И. А.

doi:10.21055/0370-1069-2021-3-23-32

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Infection in animals is likely to follow ingestion, with inhalation being a possible minor route [1,42]. There is strong circumstantial and experimental evidence for indirect transmission from bacteraemic herbivores to others via biting insects [43].…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is strong circumstantial and experimental evidence for indirect transmission from bacteraemic herbivores to others via biting insects [43]. Direct transmission is plausible within a susceptible species if diseased carcasses are attacked, and such behaviour has been observed among male bison [42,43].…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Existing micro-trauma to skin and alimentary mucosa probably allows spore entry; other suggested routes include gut lymphoid tissue, toxin-damaged mucosa and intact skin [1,5,16,36,42,44,45]. Inhaled spores probably reach thoracic lymph nodes via mucosal dendritic cells and perhaps also macrophages [13,46].…”

Section: Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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JMM Profile: Bacillus anthracis

Wales,

Mackintosh

2023

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Graphical abstract Principal routes of Bacillus anthracis infection and stages of anthrax pathogenesis, consistent with current understandings. Depending on the route of infection, germination of spores may happen in extracellular tissue fluid, or following phagocytosis (a). Successful infection of host cells leads to toxin-associated cell death and release of vegetative cells and toxin (b). Toxin binds and enters other host cells (c), including those of the immune system, disrupting function. In some cases this leads to systemic disease, which typically is fatal.

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Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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JMM Profile: Bacillus anthracis

Wales,

Mackintosh

2023

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Despite ongoing control and prevention measures, the anthrax pathogen continues to circulate in ecosystems, affects the number and regulation of wildlife populations, and often causes outbreaks among humans and animals. Analysis and understanding of such epidemiological features can help in predicting undesirable consequences and their prevention (Vergnaud, 2020;Timofeev et al, 2021). Bacillus anthracis is widespread in European soils, and foci of animal disease occur particularly in Southern and Eastern Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epizootological and epidemiological situation of anthrax in Ukraine in the context of mandatory specific prevention in susceptible animals

Korniienko¹,

Ukhovskyi²,

Moroz³

et al. 2022

Regul. Mech. Biosyst.

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The problem of zoonoses remains relevant in the context of reliable prevention of human disease and effective ways to achieve this result, in particular through the impact on susceptible animals by the efforts of veterinary medicine. Anthrax is an acute, particularly dangerous infectious disease of all species of farm, domestic and wild animals, as well as humans, which is caused by Bacillus anthracis microbes. The causative agent of anthrax belongs to the group of aerobic spore-forming bacteria and exists in two main forms: vegetative and spore. The vegetative form in the body of an infected animal can form a "capsule". In Ukraine, according to the provisions of the current "Instruction for the prevention and control of animal anthrax" (2000), the main method of preventing anthrax among animals is regular vaccination of animals susceptible to this disease. The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of the epizootic and epidemiological situation of anthrax in Ukraine for the period 1994–2021 and made a critical assessment of the performance of mandatory measures for specific prevention of susceptible animals. In order to find out the ecological and geographical features of the spread of anthrax, data on outbreaks of the disease in cattle, swine, small ruminants and humans on the territory of Ukraine were analyzed by regions for the time period under investigation. Over the past 28 years in Ukraine, animal anthrax was registered in in all areas except Zhytomyr region. In total, during the analyzed period, 177 affected points and 637 infected animals (cattle, small ruminants, pigs, horses, wild and fur-bearing animals, dogs) were registered (estimated at 3.59 animals per outbreak). Cattle were most often involved in the epizootic process, followed by pigs and small ruminants, while horses and other animal species were least infected. Ecological and geographical analysis showed that the largest number of affected points among animals during the analyzed period was found in Kyiv, Volyn, Kharkiv, Luhansk, Khmelnytskyi, Cherkasy, Odesa, and Vinnytsia regions. A small number of affected points during the analyzed period were found in Zakarpattia, Ternopil, Kherson, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Poltava, Dnipropetrovsk and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. During the analyzed period, 68 people in 11 regions of Ukraine were infected with anthrax, 15 outbreaks were registered (4.46 people per outbreak). Most cases were reported in Donetsk, Kyiv and Odesa regions. The association between outbreaks of anthrax in animals and cases of anthrax among humans has been established, this dependency was 86.6% (the index of contiguity, which takes into account the number of years with simultaneous registration of animal and human cases, was 0.5). The authors thoroughly proved that it is vaccination among susceptible animals that will finally prevent the incidence of anthrax among people.

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Dynamics and peculiarities of anthrax occurrence on the territory of the Republic of Tyva

Lopsan¹

2022

Sib. vestn. s-h. nauki

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The results of the study of epizootic welfare in the sharply continental climate of Eastern Siberia are presented. Materials of statistical reports of the District Veterinary Departments and the Veterinary Supervision Service of the Republic of Tyva, and the information from the Goskomstat (State Statistics Committee) were used for the research. It was noted that during the period under study (1933-2022) the region was officially considered stationary unfavorable, anthrax was registered in 199 unfavorable points on the territory of 13 administrative districts and Kyzyl. The reason for the spread of epizootics was the presence of a large number of soil foci of infection in the region. As a result of a retrospective analysis of the dynamics and peculiarities of anthrax occurrence in the republic over the ten-year periods, it was established that the epizootics of maximum intensity occurred in 1933-1982. In the next two decades, 1983-2002, epizootics of medium intensity were recorded. Minimum character of anthrax epizootic situation is observed in the last two decades from 2003 to 2022, which demonstrates a pronounced positive tendency to reduce the tension of the epizootic situation. Sporadic outbreaks of anthrax are currently occurring due to the activation of soil foci of infection, which indicates a stationary problem of the region. When zoning the territory of Tuva Republic according to anthrax epizootic activity for 1933-2022 the first group of districts (maximum epizootic activity) includes Barun-Khemchiksky, Dzun-Khemchiksky, Ulug-Khemsky, Tes-Khemsky, Tandinsky, Erzinsky, Chaa-Kholsky, Ovursky districts and the territory of Kyzyl. The second group (with an average level of epizootic activity) includes Bai-Taiginsky, Kaa-Khemsky, Pii-Khemsky, Kyzylsky and Todzhinsky districts. The third group (with minimal risk of epizootic activity) includes anthrax-free Mongun-Taiginsky, Sut-Holsky, Chedi-Holsky and Tere-Holsky districts.

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Routes of Spread of Anthrax in Natural Ecosystems

Cited by 3 publications

References 51 publications

JMM Profile: Bacillus anthracis

JMM Profile: Bacillus anthracis

Epizootological and epidemiological situation of anthrax in Ukraine in the context of mandatory specific prevention in susceptible animals

Dynamics and peculiarities of anthrax occurrence on the territory of the Republic of Tyva

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