Rous sarcoma virus direct repeat cis elements exert effects at several points in the virus life cycle

Simpson, Scott; Zhang, L; Craven, Rebecca; Stoltzfus, C. Martin

doi:10.1128/jvi.71.12.9150-9156.1997

Cited by 36 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…ALV particle assembly also appears to be modulated by RNA nuclear export, and mutations in the CTE can lead to defects in assembly and gRNA packaging (66)(67)(68)(69). In addition, mammalian cells are nonpermissive for ALV replication with multiple restrictions being evident including Traffic 2006; 7: 1440-1450 virion production [(70) and references within].…”

Section: Connections Between Grna Nuclear Export and Virion Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrovirus RNA Trafficking: From Chromatin to Invasive Genomes

Swanson

Malim

2006

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Full-length retroviral RNA has three well-established functions: it constitutes the genomic RNA that is packaged into virions and is transmitted to target cells by infection, it is the messenger RNA (mRNA) template for viral Gag and Pol protein synthesis and it serves as the pre-mRNA for the production of subgenomic spliced mRNAs that encode additional viral proteins such as Env. More recent work indicates that these full-length RNAs also play important roles in the assembly of virus particles, not only as a structural scaffold that facilitates viral core formation but also as a potential regulator of the assembly process itself. Here, we discuss how these assorted activities may be coupled with each other, paying particular attention to the importance of RNA trafficking and subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, possible points of regulation, and the role(s) played by cellular RNA-binding proteins.

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Section: Connections Between Grna Nuclear Export and Virion Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrovirus RNA Trafficking: From Chromatin to Invasive Genomes

Swanson

Malim

2006

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“…5A) shows that there are only 34 nucleotides between the end of the env coding region and the polypurine tract. This is in contrast to the 5Ј UTRs of ALSVs, which are between 200 and 350 bp in length and which contain an approximately 150-bp sequence called the direct repeat that is required for efficient RNA transport to the cytoplasm (42,43) and RNA stability and/or Gag assembly (51,52). There is no evidence for a direct repeat in ev/J proviruses.…”

Section: Structure Of Ev/j Proviruses In Phage Genomic Clonesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Genome Structure and Expression of the ev/J Family of Avian Endogenous Viruses

Ruis

Benson

Conklin

1999

J Virol

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We recently reported the identification of sequences in the chicken genome that show over 95% identity to the novel envelope gene of the subgroup J avian leukosis virus (S. J. Benson, B. L. Ruis, A. M. Fadly, and K. F. Conklin, J. Virol. 72:10157-10164, 1998). Based on the fact that the endogenous subgroup J-related env genes were associated with long terminal repeats (LTRs), we concluded that these LTR-env sequences defined a new family of avian endogenous viruses that we designated the ev/J family. In this report, we have further characterized the content and expression of the ev/J proviruses. The data obtained indicate that there are between 6 and 11 copies of ev/J proviruses in all chicken cells examined and that these proviruses fall into six classes. Of the 18 proviruses examined, all share a high degree of sequence identity and all contain an internal deletion that removes all of the pol gene and various amounts of gag and env gene sequences. Sequencing of the gag genes, LTRs, and untranslated regions of several ev/J proviruses revealed a high level of identity between isolates, indicating that they have not undergone significant sequence variation since their introduction into the avian germ line. Although the ev/J gag gene showed a relatively weak relationship (46% identity and 61% similarity at the amino acid level) to that of the avian leukosis-sarcoma virus family, it retains several sequences of demonstrated importance for virus assembly, budding, and/or infectivity. Finally, evidence was obtained that at least some members of the ev/J family are expressed and, if translated, could encode Gag-and Env-related polypeptides.

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“…Since these two DR sequences are over 80% homologous (Ogert et al, 1996), it has been suggested that their functions are redundant. When DR point mutations are present in viral clones bearing a single DR, these clones are replication-defective (Sorge et al, 1983;Simpson et al, 1997Simpson et al, , 1998Ogert and Beemon, 1998;Aschoff et al, 1999). The DRs also play an intergral role in the stability of the unspliced RNA (Ogert et al, 1996;Simpson et al, 1997Simpson et al, , 1998.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been proposed that the DRs mediate the nuclear export of unspliced viral RNAs (Ogert et al, 1996;Ogert and Beemon, 1998;Simpson et al, 1997Simpson et al, , 1998Yang and Cullen, 1999;Paca et al, 2000), although this notion is not unanimously accepted. It has been suggested that the DRs function only in the cytoplasm, facilitating the viral packaging of genomic RNA (Sorge et al, 1983;Aschoff et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been suggested that the DRs function only in the cytoplasm, facilitating the viral packaging of genomic RNA (Sorge et al, 1983;Aschoff et al, 1999). However, the DR elements are capable of exporting heterologous RNAs in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and HeLa cells (Ogert et al, 1996;Ogert and Beemon, 1998;Simpson et al, 1997;Yang and Cullen, 1999;Paca et al, 2000). Additionally, only one copy of either DR in the context of the virus is required to carry out nuclear export of the RNA (Ogert et al, 1996;Simpson et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tap and Dbp5, but not Gag, are involved in DR-mediated nuclear export of unspliced Rous sarcoma virus RNA

et al. 2007

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All retroviruses must circumvent cellular restrictions on the export of unspliced RNAs from the nucleus. While the unspliced RNA export pathways for HIV and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus are well characterized, that of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is not. We have previously reported that the RSV direct repeat (DR) elements are involved in the cytoplasmic accumulation of unspliced viral RNA. Here, using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), we demonstrate that unspliced viral RNAs bearing a single point mutation (G8863C) in the DR exhibit a restricted cellular localization in and around the nucleus. In contrast, wild type unspliced viral RNA had a diffuse localization throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm. Since the RSV Gag protein has a transient localization in the nucleus, we examined the effect of Gag over-expression on a DR-mediated reporter construct. While Gag did not enhance DR-mediated nuclear export, the dominant-negative expression of two cellular export factors, Tap and Dbp5, inhibited expression of the same reporter construct. Furthermore, FISH studies using the dominant-negative Dbp5 demonstrated that unspliced wild type RSV RNA was retained within the nucleus. Taken together, these results further implicate the DR in nuclear RNA export through interactions with Tap and Dbp5.

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Rous sarcoma virus direct repeat cis elements exert effects at several points in the virus life cycle

Cited by 36 publications

References 32 publications

Retrovirus RNA Trafficking: From Chromatin to Invasive Genomes

Retrovirus RNA Trafficking: From Chromatin to Invasive Genomes

Genome Structure and Expression of the ev/J Family of Avian Endogenous Viruses

Tap and Dbp5, but not Gag, are involved in DR-mediated nuclear export of unspliced Rous sarcoma virus RNA

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