Rotifers as food in aquaculture

Lubzens, Esther; Tandler, A.; Minkoff, G.

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-0465-1_48

Cited by 75 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Dry matter content, caloric value and chemical composition establish the nutritional value of rotifers, and are determined by size and nutritional state (Lubzens et al 1989;Go¤ mez et al 2002;Lubzens & Zmora 2003;Baer et al 2008). According to Lubzens and Zmora (2003), rotifer's protein content ranges between 28% and 63%, lipid from 9% to 28%, and carbohydrate from 10.5% to 27% of the dry weight (DW).…”

Section: Nutritional Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, when cultured on yeast alone, rotifers are poor in HUFAs required for normal development and good survival of marine ¢sh larvae. DHA, EPA and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6; ARA) contents can, however, be manipulated by short-or long-term feeding with selected microalgae species, lipid emulsions, lipid-rich microcapsules and other feed types, as mentioned above (Lubzens et al 1989;Rainuzzo et al 1997;Lubzens & Zmora 2003). Despite the high crude protein content of rotifers, the availability of rotifer protein to marine ¢sh larvae is of concern (Srivastava, Hamre & Stoss 2006).…”

Section: Nutritional Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

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Live feeds for early stages of fish rearing

Conceição

Yúfera

Makridis

et al. 2010

Aquaculture Research

360

282

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Despite the recent progress in the production of inert diets for fish larvae, feeding of most species of interest for aquaculture still relies on live feeds during the early life stages. Independently of their nutritional value, live feeds are easily detected and captured, due to their swimming movements in the water column, and highly digestible, given their lower nutrient concentration (water content>80%). The present paper reviews the main types of live feeds used in aquaculture, their advantages and pitfalls, with a special emphasis on their nutritional value and the extent to which this can be manipulated. The most commonly used live feeds in aquaculture are rotifers (Brachionus sp.) and brine shrimp (Artemia sp.), due to the existence of standardized cost‐effective protocols for their mass production. However, both rotifers and Artemia have nutritional deficiencies for marine species, particularly in essential n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA, e.g., docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid). Enrichment of these live feeds with HUFA‐rich lipid emulsions may lead to an excess dietary lipid and sub‐optimal dietary protein content for fish larvae. In addition, rotifers and Artemia are likely to have sub‐optimal dietary levels of some amino acids, vitamins and minerals, at least for some species. Several species of microalgae are also used in larviculture. These are used as feed for other live feeds, but mostly in the ‘green water’ technique in fish larval rearing, with putative beneficial effects on feeding behaviour, digestive function, nutritional value, water quality and microflora. Copepods and other natural zooplankton organisms have also been used as live feeds, normally with considerably better results in terms of larval survival rates, growth and quality, when compared with rotifers and Artemia. Nonetheless, technical difficulties in mass‐producing these organisms are still a constraint to their routine use. Improvements in inert microdiets will likely lead to a progressive substitution of live feeds. However, complete substitution is probably years away for most species, at least for the first days of feeding.

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Section: Nutritional Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nutritional Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

Live feeds for early stages of fish rearing

Conceição

Yúfera

Makridis

et al. 2010

Aquaculture Research

360

282

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…energy gain was apparently not the case for the high-density group of turbot and the increased enzyme level did not seem to result in a sufficiently high increase in digestive capacity to compensate for a shorter retention of prey in the gut. Even though high prey densities have frequently been beneficial for growth and survival of fish larvae (Houde, 1975;Dowd & Houde, 1980;Buckley et al, 1993), a reverse effect has also been reported for fish larvae of other species (Lubzens et al, 1989). The lipid content of rotifers did not affect the content of BSDL in turbot larvae, suggesting no stimulating effect on the BSDL synthesis during the early larval stages by the dietary lipid level.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Bile salt-dependent lipase in larval turbot, as influenced by density and lipid content of fed prey

Hoehne‐Reitan

2001

Journal of Fish Biology

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Turbot larvae were fed three different densities of rotifers (1000, 3000 and 7500 rotifers l 1 ) with a low lipid level (<15% of dry weight) or 7500 rotifers l 1 with a high lipid level (30% of dry weight). The larval consumption of rotifers increased with increasing prey densities and the content of bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL) in larvae was correlated positively with the ingestion rate from days 6 to 8. This suggests that BSDL synthesis was stimulated by the amount of ingested prey in the early larval phase. However, growth was highest in larvae receiving the medium prey densities, which indicates that the larvae were not able to digest properly the ingested prey at the higher density. No significant effect on the BSDL content was seen in turbot larvae fed rotifers with a high or low lipid content. 2001 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles

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“…For short-term storage, amictic female rotifers can be preserved at temperatures ranging from -2 and + 8 ∞ C, [12][13][14] while resting eggs can be used for long-term preservation. 1,15,16 Preserved rotifers at low temperature can be a source for direct feeding of fish larvae, while resting eggs can be seeds for mass culture. 1,15,16 Monogonont rotifers have cyclic heterogony, in that they alternate parthenogenetic generations with bisexual generations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,15,16 Preserved rotifers at low temperature can be a source for direct feeding of fish larvae, while resting eggs can be seeds for mass culture. 1,15,16 Monogonont rotifers have cyclic heterogony, in that they alternate parthenogenetic generations with bisexual generations. Sexual reproduction is induced by internal and external factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of temperature on resting egg formation of the tropical SS-type rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis Tschugunoff

Assavaaree

Hagiwara

Kogane³

et al. 2003

Fisheries Sci

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Tropical minute rotifer strains (SS‐type) induce mixis at 30–35°C but sexual reproduction and resting egg formation do not proceed well due to rapid environmental change. The present study examined the effect of temperature regulation on rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis (Langkawi strain, SS‐type) resting egg formation in small (500 mL in culture volume)‐ and large‐scale (500 L in culture volume) experiments. Rotifers were cultured at 30°C in 15–17 p.p.t. seawater with an initial density of 1 individual (ind.)/mL. After 4 days, when cultures were in exponential growth stage with active mixis induction, the culture temperature of the experimental rotifers was changed to 25°C. Control rotifers were cultured at 30°C throughout the experiment. Fresh or frozen Nannochloropsis oculata and condensed freshwater Chlorella vulgaris were used as the rotifer diets in the small‐ and large‐scale experiments, respectively. Significantly higher resting egg production was observed with the experimental rotifers (30→ 25°C) versus the control rotifers. In the large‐scale trial, experimental rotifers produced 2.6 × 106 resting eggs during a 9‐day experiment, which was 1.6‐fold more than the control rotifers. Moreover, the efficiency of resting egg formation was found to increase by a factor of 1.8. The present study indicates that decreasing culture temperature from 30 to 25°C after active mixis increased resting egg formation in B. rotundiformis (SS‐type).

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Rotifers as food in aquaculture

Cited by 75 publications

References 61 publications

Live feeds for early stages of fish rearing

Live feeds for early stages of fish rearing

Bile salt-dependent lipase in larval turbot, as influenced by density and lipid content of fed prey

Effect of temperature on resting egg formation of the tropical SS-type rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis Tschugunoff

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