Rotavirus diarrhea in bovines and other domestic animals

Abstract

Rotavirus diarrhea is the major cause of death of millions of children in developing countries besides causing economically significant malady in neonates of many domestic animals. In neonates, the infection is non-viremic, have very short incubation period, and manifests profuse diarrhea and severe dehydration. Concurrent infection with secondary pathogens may augment the disease severity. Diarrhea occurs due to virus-mediated destruction of absorption efficient enterocytes, activation of enteric nervous system, or due to a rotavirus enterotoxin. Diagnosis of the infection relies on conventional techniques like isolation in MA 104 cell lines, electron microscopy, electro-pherotyping, and various serological tests. Presently, diagnosis and molecular typing is performed using serotype specific RT-PCR, sequencing or genomic hybridization techniques. As the rotaviruses are known to exhibit extreme genetic diversity and outplay disinfection procedures, eradication of the pathogen is often difficult. Hence, for prevention, good management practices coupled with vaccination of dam for protecting young ones, has to be practiced. Recently, new generation prophylactic strategies including DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus-like particles (VLPs) and edible vaccines have been found to induce sufficient levels of passive immunity. Aside to the infection in animals, zoonotic significance of the animal rotaviruses has to be further unearthed. In this review, efforts have been made to highlight the importance and prevalence of the disease in bovines, its pathogenesis along with preventive measures, salient features of rotaviruses and their inter-species transmission abilities, zoonotic implications, and a concise account of the infection in various domestic animals and poultry.

The Histopathological Effect of Rotavirus in Small Intestine of Mice Isolated from Different Area of Iraq

“…The histological changes in ileum characterized by desquamation and necrosis of crypts with villous atrophy, infiltration of lymphocytes in inter villous areas and decreased population of lymphocytes in Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph node were in agreement with earlier reports [21,22].…”

A Study on the Origin of Bovine Rotavirus Strains Detected from the Children of the Nasu District, Tochigi, Japan

“…The absence of an association between RV infection and diarrhea in cats is in stark contrast to humans. Infection has also been associated with diarrhea and decreased productivity in cows [33,34], suckling pigs, and horses [35]. Asymptomatic infections are reported, although their importance in transmission is not well understood due to the lack of population-based studies [36].…”

Molecular Characterization of Bovine Rotaviruses in Pakistan

“…In neonatal calves, about 5 -20% of the mortality rate is observed due to bovine rotaviruses in calves. The average incidence and prevalence of the infection is 30 -40% (12,13). Three countries in the subcontinent (India, Bangladesh and Pakistan) account for > 30% of all rotavirus-related deaths worldwide (14).…”