Rotating Night Shift Work and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Two Prospective Cohort Studies in Women

Pan, An; Schernhammer, Eva; Sun, Qi

doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001141

Cited by 641 publications

(534 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Additional thermoregulatory costs will therefore be absent and a surplus of energy intake induced by the phase shifted activity rhythm may thus result in obesity and metabolic syndrome. A positive relationship between nighttime activity and obesity and metabolic syndrome has indeed been found in human experiments (36), social jet-lag (35), and night shift workers (37,38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Cold and hunger induce diurnality in a nocturnal mammal

Vinne

Riede

Gorter

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

128

115

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The mammalian circadian system synchronizes daily timing of activity and rest with the environmental light-dark cycle. Although the underlying molecular oscillatory mechanism is well studied, factors that influence phenotypic plasticity in daily activity patterns (temporal niche switching, chronotype) are presently unknown. Molecular evidence suggests that metabolism may influence the circadian molecular clock, but evidence at the level of the organism is lacking. Here we show that a metabolic challenge by cold and hunger induces diurnality in otherwise nocturnal mice. Lowering ambient temperature changes the phase of circadian light-dark entrainment in mice by increasing daytime and decreasing nighttime activity. This effect is further enhanced by simulated food shortage, which identifies metabolic balance as the underlying common factor influencing circadian organization. Clock gene expression analysis shows that the underlying neuronal mechanism is downstream from or parallel to the main circadian pacemaker (the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus) and that the behavioral phenotype is accompanied by phase adjustment of peripheral tissues. These findings indicate that nocturnal mammals can display considerable plasticity in circadian organization and may adopt a diurnal phenotype when energetically challenged. Our previously defined circadian thermoenergetics hypothesis proposes that such circadian plasticity, which naturally occurs in nocturnal mammals, reflects adaptive maintenance of energy balance. Quantification of energy expenditure shows that diurnality under natural conditions reduces thermoregulatory costs in small burrowing mammals like mice. Metabolic feedback on circadian organization thus provides functional benefits by reducing energy expenditure. Our findings may help to clarify relationships between sleep-wake patterns and metabolic phenotypes in humans.circadian rhythms | behavioral neurobiology | behavioral plasticity | chronotype ecology E nvironmental differences between day and night have resulted in daily (circadian) rhythms in physiology and behavior of most organisms. Many mammals are night active (nocturnal), which most likely reduces predation risk (1). Being active at night is however likely to be energetically costly because nocturnal mammals cannot escape the low temperatures at night by sleeping in sheltered places. Nocturnal mammals that are energetically challenged therefore may become day active (diurnal) to reduce energy expenditure (2). Nocturnal and diurnal activity patterns are indeed subject to phenotypic plasticity (temporal niche switching) under natural conditions (2).The central circadian pacemaker in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and coordinates tissue specific circadian rhythms throughout the body (3). In most cells, circadian rhythms originate from molecular feedback loops involving gene transcription (4-6) or a putative metabolic oscillator (7-10). At the molecular and systemic level regulatory loops interact to control circadian and meta...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Cold and hunger induce diurnality in a nocturnal mammal

Vinne

Riede

Gorter

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

128

115

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“…Keywords circadian depression diabetes neuroticism nightshift obesity shiftwork well being BACKGROUND Shiftwork is associated with detrimental effects on health and wellbeing, including increased risk of diabetes [1][2][3][4][5] and sleep problems, [6][7][8] higher body mass index (BMI) [1,[9][10][11][12], and increased signs of anxiety and depression. [8,13,14] Shiftworkers were once predominantly male, manufacturing sector workers, but this is no longer the case; a recent government survey reported that security services, transport and communications industries were the most common occupation of shiftworkers in the United Kingdom.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies have utility in avoiding some confounding or effect modification due to sex, work environment and shift patterns, but also generate data that might not be applicable to the general population. [1,2] Large population based studies of the general workforce that adjust for multiple lifestyle and workrelated confounding factors are required to address these challenges of studying the effects of shiftwork on health.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse metabolic and mental health outcomes associated with shiftwork in a population-based study of 277,168 workers in UK biobank

et al. 2017

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“…In mice, shifting food availability to the usual rest phase results in desynchrony between the master SCN clock and peripheral clocks, leading to metabolic syndrome (86) . Similarly, chronic exposure to shift work increases risk of metabolic syndrome (87) , as well as CHD, stroke and stroke-related mortality, and type 2 diabetes (88)(89)(90)(91) . Laboratory studies in human subjects have shown that consumption of meals during the biological night results in increased postprandial glucose, insulin and TAG relative to daytime meals (92)(93)(94) .…”

Section: Circadian Misalignment and Metabolic Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian regulation of lipid metabolism

Gooley

2016

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

130

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The circadian system temporally coordinates daily rhythms in feeding behaviour and energy metabolism. The objective of the present paper is to review the mechanisms that underlie circadian regulation of lipid metabolic pathways. Circadian rhythms in behaviour and physiology are generated by master clock neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN and its efferent targets in the hypothalamus integrate light and feeding signals to entrain behavioural rhythms as well as clock cells located in peripheral tissues, including the liver, adipose tissue and muscle. Circadian rhythms in gene expression are regulated at the cellular level by a molecular clock comprising a core set of clock genes/proteins. In peripheral tissues, hundreds of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid oxidation are rhythmically activated and repressed by clock proteins, hence providing a direct mechanism for circadian regulation of lipids. Disruption of clock gene function results in abnormal metabolic phenotypes and impaired lipid absorption, demonstrating that the circadian system is essential for normal energy metabolism. The composition and timing of meals influence diurnal regulation of metabolic pathways, with food intake during the usual rest phase associated with dysregulation of lipid metabolism. Recent studies using metabolomics and lipidomics platforms have shown that hundreds of lipid species are circadian-regulated in human plasma, including but not limited to fatty acids, TAG, glycerophospholipids, sterol lipids and sphingolipids. In future work, these lipid profiling approaches can be used to understand better the interaction between diet, mealtimes and circadian rhythms on lipid metabolism and risk for obesity and metabolic diseases.

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Rotating Night Shift Work and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Two Prospective Cohort Studies in Women

Abstract: An Pan and colleagues examined data from two Nurses' Health Studies and found that extended periods of rotating night shift work were associated with a modestly increased risk of type 2 diabetes, partly mediated through body weight.

Cited by 641 publications

References 28 publications

Cold and hunger induce diurnality in a nocturnal mammal

Cold and hunger induce diurnality in a nocturnal mammal

Adverse metabolic and mental health outcomes associated with shiftwork in a population-based study of 277,168 workers in UK biobank

Circadian regulation of lipid metabolism

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