Ross River Virus (Epidemic Polyarthritis)

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of mosquito‐borne alphaviruses in horses in northern Queensland

“…The highest maximum titre of viraemia has been recorded from the marsupial mouse ( Antechinus sp. : 7.4 log 10 /LD 50 ) and the lowest from the little corella ( Cacatua sanguinea : < 2.3 log 10 /LD 50 ) . The question then is whether horses can act as amplifier hosts based on the previously reported high levels of viraemia possible and the high seroprevalence reported in the current study.…”

“…Results of experimental infection of non‐human vertebrates with RRV has identified maximum titres of viraemia, as expressed as the minimum dose sufficient to kill 50% of inoculated mice (LD50) per gram of undiluted blood . It is interesting to note that horses have one of the highest levels of induced viraemia (6.3 log 10 /LD 50 ), similar to that of the agile wallaby ( Macropus agilis: 7.4 log 10 /LD 50 ) and the gray kangaroo ( M. giganteus : 6.1 log 10 /LD 50 ) . The highest maximum titre of viraemia has been recorded from the marsupial mouse ( Antechinus sp.…”

Physiology and ecology together regulate host and vector importance for Ross River virus and other vector-borne diseases

“…annulirostris and Ae. notoscriptus were low ranked vectors in the model, but are often cited as being key RRV vectors in Brisbane (Kay and JG, 1989, Russell, 1995, Watson and Kay, 1998. The evidence in favour of Cx.…”

Revising the paradigm: Are bats really pathogen reservoirs or do they possess an efficient immune system?

“…In Australia where it is active bats are not considered as reservoir and no Isolation found. ( Baker et al., 2013a , 2013b ) 96 Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) Togaviridae, Alphavirus no no no ( Zhao et al., 1997 ; Kay and Aaskov, 2020 ; Lau et al., 2017 ) 97 Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus(VEEV) Togaviridae, Alphavirus no yes yes Bat and rodent species were PCR positive ( Sotomayor-Bonilla et al, 2017 )( Correa-Giron, Calisher and Baer, 1972 ) 98 Sindbis virus Togaviridae, Alphavirus no no yes Seems to circulate mostly in birds ( Blackburn et al., 1982 ) 99 Chikungunya virus Togaviridae, Alphavirus no no yes Together with NHPs, some bats and rodents, as well as ectothermic animals, could serve as virus-amplifying hosts, while lessening the likelihood that numerous birds and non-primate mammals are competent reservoirs for CHIKV. ( Matusali et al., 2019 ) 100 Tonate virus Togaviridae, Alphavirus no yes yes ( Fischer et al., 2021 ) 101 Eestern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) Togaviridea, Alphavirus no no no ( Sotomayor-Bonilla et al, 2017 ) For each such virus, we examined the main papers describing the bat being the reservoir of this virus.…”