“…The production of ROS is primarily controlled by cell metabolism, O 2 , ROS themselves, and several signaling events of niche factors. Examples of these signaling events include the signaling for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ( Hiraga et al, 2013 ; Yan et al, 2014 ; Watson et al, 2016 ; Yazaki et al, 2021 ), epidermal growth factor (EGF) ( Azimi et al, 2017 ; Dustin et al, 2020 ), insulin ( Besse-Patin and Estall, 2014 ), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) ( Kang et al, 2016 ), inflammatory and immune-regulatory cytokines such as angiotensin II and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) ( Anilkumar et al, 2008 ), calcium ( Gorlach et al, 2015 ; Feno et al, 2019 ), mechanotransduction ( Sauer et al, 2008 ; Brandes et al, 2014a ), integrin-ECM interactions ( de Rezende et al, 2012 ; Eble and de Rezende, 2014 ), and cell–cell adhesions ( Lim et al, 2008 ). Conversely, ROS modulate the activities of several cell fate-decision factors.…”