No abstract

Yan YM, Gong M, Chen JL, Li D, Xu TT, Zou H, Li AQ, Fan QL, Lu QF. Incidence, risk factors and treatment outcomes of drug extravasation in pediatric patients in China. Turk J Pediatr 2017; 59: 162-168. Extravasation injury is a common phenomenon in hospitals. Failure to detect and treat extravasation injury can lead to irreversible local injuries, tissue necrosis and malfunction of the affected tissue. Until now, it is largely unknown about incidence, risk factors and treatment outcomes of extravasation in Chinese pediatric patients. The aim of this study is to explore the incidence, risk factors and summarize the characteristics and treatment outcomes of extravasation injuries resulting in drug extravasation among Chinese children in our hospital. The children undergoing infusion therapy (0-18 years) were enrolled in this study between December 2014 and June 2015 in Shanghai Children`s Hospital. The patients` information including age, gender, injection site, estimated volume of solution extravasated, patient symptoms, severity of extravasation injury, treatment methods, and outcomes was collected. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the independent risk factors for the development of extravasation. The incidence of extravasations in pediatric patients was 1.79% (18/1,004). The severity of extravasation was labeled with grade range from Grade 1 through Grade 4: 4 cases with Grade 1, 8 cases with Grade 2, 5 cases with Grade 3, and 1 case with Grade 4. The risk factors of extravasation include infused high volume/day (≥1000 ml), received operation, infused agents with high osmolarity and poor vein condition. The severity of extravasation was related to the large volumes of drug or special drugs (high-osmolarity, high-risk, low pH, etc). All extravasations were treated with physical, pharmacological and surgical intervention according to our standard operation protocols. Systematic implementation of intervention can alleviate the extravasation injuries and improve the patients` outcome.

The development of a fermentation strategy for hyaluronic acid (HA) production by Streptococcus zooepidemicus ATCC 39920 has been explored. The specific HA productivity (Y P/X ) was affected by the medium carbon-tonitrogen (C/N) ratio rather than the specific growth rate of cells. Accordingly, HA fermentation should be performed in a balanced medium with an optimum C/N ratio of 2 : 1 in a batch culture. To improve the performance of the batch culture, the operation conditions for the fill-and-draw culture were investigated. It was found that the timing of medium exchange is critical for successfully performing fill-and-draw operations. Since streptococcal cells at the stationary phase might lose the capacity of HA synthesis, the displacement of the medium in a fill-and-draw culture should be started at the late exponential growth phase.

We successfully developed mesoporous c-Fe 2 O 3 structures with a specific surface area of 35.7 m 2 g 21 through atmospheric calcination of composite Fe 3 O 4 /phenol-formaldehyde resin structures, which were prepared by the addition of phenol during a hydrothermal process. For comparison, aggregated c-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles with a specific surface area of 29.6 m 2 g 21 were also prepared. The mesoporous c-Fe 2 O 3 structures were used to adsorb arsenic ions, and the maximum uptake of arsenic ions was calculated to be 73.2 mg g 21 , which is higher than that of the aggregated c-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles (32.3 mg g 21 ) because of the larger specific surface area, pore volume and pore sizes of the mesoporous c-Fe 2 O 3 structures. In this study, we developed a feasible approach to wastewater treatment, including the removal of arsenic ions.