Root growth and functioning under atmospheric CO2 enrichment

Stulen, I.; Hertog, Jeroen den

doi:10.1007/bf00048147

Cited by 216 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…This effect is commonly observed when nutrients are limiting (e.g. Stulen & den Hertog 1993). However, allometric relationships between root dry weight and shoot dry weight were not altered by growth under CO 2 enrichment (Tables 1 & 2).…”

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Acquisition and allocation of carbon and nitrogen by Danthonia richardsonii in response to restricted nitrogen supply and CO₂ enrichment

Lutze

Gifford

1998

Plant Cell & Environment

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Dry weight (DW) and nitrogen (N) accumulation and allocation were measured in isolated plants of Danthonia richardsonii (Wallaby Grass) for 37 d following seed imbibition. Plants were grown at ≈ 365 or 735 µL L -1 CO 2 with N supply of 0·05, 0·2 or 0·5 mg N plant -1 d -1 . Elevated CO 2 increased DW accumulation by 28% (low-N) to 103% (high-N), following an initial stimulation of relative growth rate. Net assimilation rate and leaf nitrogen productivity were increased by elevated CO 2 , while N concentration was reduced. N uptake per unit root surface area was unaffected by CO 2 enrichment. The ratio of leaf area to root surface area was decreased by CO 2 enrichment. Allometric analysis revealed a decrease in the shoot-N to root-N ratio at elevated CO 2 , while the shoot-DW to root-DW ratio was unchanged. Allometric analysis showed leaf area was reduced, while root surface area was unchanged by elevated CO 2 , indicating a down-regulation of total plant capacity for carbon gain rather than a stimulation of mineral nutrient acquisition capacity. Overall, growth in elevated CO 2 resulted in changes in plant morphology and nitrogen use, other than those associated simply with changing plant size and non-structural carbohydrate content.Key-words: allometry; climate change; grass; growth analysis; resource use. INTRODUCTIONDanthonia spp. (Wallaby Grasses) are widespread over South-eastern Australia (Moore 1970). Under elevated CO 2 , swards of the Australian native wallaby grass Danthonia richardsonii Cashmore were shown to increase plant-soil system carbon accumulation at three productivity-limiting levels of nitrogen availability. That increase was attained without an increase in LAI at the higher rates of N availability, and without an increase in live above-ground carbon (Lutze & Gifford 1995, 1998. Little is known about the response of D. richardsonii to CO 2 or N when grown as an isolated plant, and many questions about isolated plant responses to CO 2 enrichment remain unanswered.Growth at high CO 2 is often accompanied by a downregulation of photosynthesis which is sometimes associated with a reduction in the nitrogen concentration of photosynthetic tissues (Stitt 1991;Arp & Berendse 1993;Bowes 1993). The decrease in nitrogen concentration in green leaf may relate to an increase in the proportion of plant nitrogen invested in root, as was shown for Xanthium occidentale Bertol. (Hocking & Meyer 1985) and Pinus sp. seedlings (Griffin, Winner & Strain 1995). Little is known about how such changes may be associated with changes in plant morphology and function. Increases in root to plant weight ratio in response to high CO 2 are often reported when plants are nitrogen-or water-stressed (e.g. Stulen & den Hertog 1993). This may result in relatively more root surface area for the same plant mass, allowing a more thorough exploration of the soil for nutrient and water acquisition (Allen et al. 1992). Another indicator of the functional balance between root and leaf is the ratio of root length to leaf surface...

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confidence: 89%

“…Increases in root to plant weight ratio in response to high CO 2 are often reported when plants are nitrogen-or water-stressed (e.g. Stulen & den Hertog 1993). This may result in relatively more root surface area for the same plant mass, allowing a more thorough exploration of the soil for nutrient and water acquisition (Allen et al 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquisition and allocation of carbon and nitrogen by Danthonia richardsonii in response to restricted nitrogen supply and CO₂ enrichment

Lutze

Gifford

1998

Plant Cell & Environment

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“…Thus, changes in PRLC could result from changes in standing root length, and may not necessarily be related to AMF abundance. Since standing root length (as m root plant −1 or m root m −2 ground area) varies among plant species (Einsmann et al 1999;Kembel and Cahill 2005) and developmental stages (Troughton 1956;Bartelink 1998), as well as environmental characteristics such as ecosystem type (Schenk and Jackson 2002a), season (Hendrick and Pregitzer 1996), soil moisture (Schenk and Jackson 2002b), nutrient availability (Chapin 1980;Reynolds and Dantonio 1996;Ostertag 2001), and atmospheric CO 2 (Stulen and Denhertog 1993;Pritchard et al 2008), any shifts in PRLC may occur due to changes in colonized root length, standing root length, or both.…”

Section: What Influences Prlc?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The extent of mycorrhizal colonization of roots and its influence on plant growth and phosphorus content

2013

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Aims The most common metric of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) abundance is percent root length colonized (PRLC) by mycorrhizal structures. Frequently, plants with greater PRLC are assumed to receive more nutrients (such as phosphorus, P) from their mycorrhizal symbionts, leading to greater plant growth. Nevertheless, the functional significance of this metric remains controversial. In this review, I discuss whether manipulations of PRLC generally led to changes in plant biomass and P content, and whether AMF taxa and plant functional groups influence these relationships. Methods I conducted a meta-analysis of laboratoryand field-based trials in which mycorrhizal colonization was directly altered compared to unmanipulated controls. For each trial, I calculated (1) the difference in PRLC (ΔPRLC) between the treatments, and (2) the response ratio of plant biomass. In a subset of these studies, the response ratio of P content of host plants could also be calculated. ResultsThe response ratio of plant biomass and P content rose significantly and exponentially as ΔPRLC increased. Nevertheless, ΔPRLC explained only a fraction of the variation in response ratios in each case. Moreover, AMF taxa varied in their effects on biomass per unit ΔPRLC. In addition, plant functional groups differed in effects on plant P content per unit ΔPRLC, with C4 grasses responding most strongly. Conclusions It appears that as the extent to which plant roots are colonized by AMF increases, plant growth and P content often increase, although substantial variability exists among trials. As others have found, a likely mechanism for this relationship is increased transfer of P (and perhaps other nutrients) through the more-prevalent mycorrhizal structures.

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“…Tree allocation of C to fine roots is a function of above-and below-ground resource availability and intrinsic physiological characteristics that are under genetic control (Brouwer, 1983 ;Bloom, Chapin & Mooney, 1985). For example, root growth increases along with plant size under elevated atmospheric CO # (Bille ' s, Rouhier & Bottner, 1993 ;Larigauderie, Reynolds & Strain, 1994 ;Rogers, Runion & Krupa, 1994 ;Tingey et al, 1996), but elevated CO # affects the proportion of C allocated to roots only under certain growth-limiting soil conditions (Stulen & den Hertog, 1993 ;Curtis & Wang, 1998). By contrast, the rate of fine root turnover is known to increase with soil N availability in some species (Pregitzer, Hendrick & Fogel, 1993 ;Pregitzer et al, 1995).…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and C allocation of Populus tremuloides genotypes in response to atmospheric CO₂ and soil N availability

et al. 1998

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We grew cuttings of two early (mid Oct.) and two late (early Nov.) leaf-fall Populus tremuloides Michx. genotypes (referred to as genotype pairs) for c. 150 d in open-top chambers to understand how twice-ambient (elevated) CO # and soil N availability would affect growth and C allocation. For the study, we selected genotypes differing in leaf area duration to find out if late-season photosynthesis influenced C allocation to roots. Both elevated CO # and high soil N availability significantly increased estimated whole-tree photosynthesis, but they did so in different ways. Elevated CO # stimulated leaf-level photosynthesis rates, whereas high soil N availability resulted in greater total plant leaf area. The early leaf-fall genotype pair had significantly higher photosynthesis rates per unit leaf area than the late leaf-fall genotype pair and elevated CO # enhanced this difference. The early leaf-fall genotype pair had less leaf area than the late leaf-fall genotype pair, and their rate of leaf area development decreased earlier in the season. Across both genotype pairs, high soil N availability significantly increased fine root length production and mortality by increasing both the amount of root length present, and by decreasing the life span of individual roots. Elevated CO # resulted in significantly increased fine root production and mortality in high N but not low N soil and did not affect fine root life span. The early leaf-fall genotype pair had significantly greater fine root length production than the late leaf-fall genotype pair across all CO # and N treatments. These differences in belowground C allocations are consistent with the hypothesis that belowground C and N cycling is strongly influenced by soil N availability and will increase under elevated atmospheric CO # . In addition, this study reinforces the need for better understanding of the variation in tree responses to elevated CO # , within and among species.

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Root growth and functioning under atmospheric CO2 enrichment

Cited by 216 publications

References 69 publications

Acquisition and allocation of carbon and nitrogen by Danthonia richardsonii in response to restricted nitrogen supply and CO₂ enrichment

Acquisition and allocation of carbon and nitrogen by Danthonia richardsonii in response to restricted nitrogen supply and CO₂ enrichment

The extent of mycorrhizal colonization of roots and its influence on plant growth and phosphorus content

Growth and C allocation of Populus tremuloides genotypes in response to atmospheric CO₂ and soil N availability

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Root growth and functioning under atmospheric CO2 enrichment

Cited by 216 publications

References 69 publications

Acquisition and allocation of carbon and nitrogen by Danthonia richardsonii in response to restricted nitrogen supply and CO2 enrichment

Acquisition and allocation of carbon and nitrogen by Danthonia richardsonii in response to restricted nitrogen supply and CO2 enrichment

The extent of mycorrhizal colonization of roots and its influence on plant growth and phosphorus content

Growth and C allocation of Populus tremuloides genotypes in response to atmospheric CO2 and soil N availability

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Acquisition and allocation of carbon and nitrogen by Danthonia richardsonii in response to restricted nitrogen supply and CO₂ enrichment

Acquisition and allocation of carbon and nitrogen by Danthonia richardsonii in response to restricted nitrogen supply and CO₂ enrichment

Growth and C allocation of Populus tremuloides genotypes in response to atmospheric CO₂ and soil N availability