Room temperature synthesis of biodiesel using sulfonated graphitic carbon nitride

Baig, R. B. Nasir; Verma, Sanny; Nadagouda, Mallikarjuna N.; Varma, Rajender S.

doi:10.1038/srep39387

Cited by 63 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…Oxygen plasma can be employed for introducing protonated hydroxylamine functional groups to g-C 3 N 4 surface, which provides extreme hydrophilic character. 79 Other functional groups such as sulfonic acid, 80 hydroxyl 81 or aromatic groups 48 can also be introduced for enhancing dispersibility of g-C 3 N 4 sheets. However, alternative facile and less stringent routes to enhance dispersibility with high g-C 3 N 4 solid content yields would be beneficial.…”

Section: Carbon Nitride Dispersibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphitic carbon nitride and polymers: a mutual combination for advanced properties

et al. 2020

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Section: Carbon Nitride Dispersibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphitic carbon nitride and polymers: a mutual combination for advanced properties

et al. 2020

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“…Many carbon‐based catalysts sulfonated with H 2 SO 4 suffer from leaching towards the reaction mixture. Hence the activity decreases drastically after 1–2 uses . We determined the chemical stability of HTC‐SO 3 H and HSC‐SO 3 H by recycling the catalysts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofuel Production With Sulfonated High Surface Area Carbons Derived From Glucose

et al. 2020

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Solid acid carbon catalysts were prepared by activating hydrothermal carbon with potassium hydroxide (KOH) to form high surface area carbon and using an environmentally benign Lcysteine method for subsequent sulfonation. The textural and physical properties of the solid acid catalysts were characterized by different techniques including Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in order to understand the functionalization of sulfonic acids on the carbon support. The catalytic activity of the carbon-based materials towards biofuel production was studied by using the esterification of oleic acid as a prime example. A quantitative yield of 95 % fatty acid methyl ester was achieved using the high surface area sulfonated catalyst (HSC-SO 3 H with SA = 1751 m 2 / g) at 80°C for 4 hours at 1 atm with 10 wt. % of catalyst loading and at a 10 : 1 molar ratio of methanol/oleic acid. Sulfonation of carbon with L-cysteine represents a promising technique to obtain solid acid catalysts, which are expected to be useful for other applications in Lewis-acid catalysis, separations, and beyond.[a] Dr.

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“…This advantage has resulted in the recent development of a wide range of solid acid catalysts to obtain biodiesel from various feedstocks. They include zeolites (Jeon et al, 2019;Osatiashtiani et al, 2017), clays (Bálsamo et al, 2019), metal oxides and mixed metal oxides (Pandit and Fulekar, 2019;Prabu et al, 2019), supported acids (Vieira et al, 2017;Aziz et al, 2017), sulphated metal oxides in particular sulphated zirconium oxide (H ≥ -14.52) (Shi et al, 2017;Elimbinzi et al, 2018;Rabee et al, 2017) and sulphated titanium oxide (H ≤-14.52) (Gardy et al, 2016(Gardy et al, , 2017, heteropoly compounds (Kurhade et al, 2019), sulfonated carbon based materials including carbon nanofibers; carbon nanotubes; biochar; amorphous carbon; graphene oxide; sugar; and waste (Guan et al, 2017;Tran et al, 2016;Baig et al, 2016;Tan et al, 2019;Bora et al, 2018;Rahimzadeh et al, 2018;Wu et al, 2019) and cation exchange resin (Zhang 2016;Fu et al, 2016).…”

Section: Solid Acid-catalyzed Transesterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in nano-catalysts based biodiesel production from non-food feedstocks

Gardy

Rehan

Hassanpour

et al. 2019

Journal of Environmental Management

118

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This paper aims to examine the influence of various catalysts on biodiesel production, especially from non-food feedstocks with an ambition to optimize the catalytic biodiesel production. Homogenous acid catalysts are mainly used in biodiesel production, but they cannot be recovered and demand costly fuel purification as being corrosive. Similarly, enzyme catalysts are expensive in industrial-scale production of biodiesel. However, heterogeneous catalysts simplify the easy separation of product and by-products from the catalyst along with catalyst reusability and reduction of waste. Solid acid and base catalysts offer more advantages due to their non-toxicity, high surface area, reusability, higher stability and the simplicity of purification. Heterogeneous base catalysts yield better activity than heterogeneous acid catalysts, however, they cannot esterify large amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs) in non-food feedstocks. The solid acid catalysts have the added advantages of being more tolerant to high amounts of FFAs and being able to simultaneously esterify FFAs and transesterify triglycerides in cheap feedstocks like waste cooking oil. Recently, an array of inorganic, organic and polymeric solid acid and nanomaterial-based catalysts have been developed using cheap feedstock. However, the issues of low reactivity, small pore sizes, low stabilities, long reaction times, and high reaction temperatures still need to be solved. These developments of producing efficient, cheap, durable, and stable solid acid and nanomaterial-based catalysts have been critically reviewed in this study. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives of production of biodiesel and its industry growth have also been discussed.

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Room temperature synthesis of biodiesel using sulfonated graphitic carbon nitride

Abstract: Sulfonation of graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) affords a polar and strongly acidic catalyst, Sg-CN, which displays unprecedented reactivity and selectivity in biodiesel synthesis and esterification reactions at room temperature.

Cited by 63 publications

References 36 publications

Graphitic carbon nitride and polymers: a mutual combination for advanced properties

Graphitic carbon nitride and polymers: a mutual combination for advanced properties

Biofuel Production With Sulfonated High Surface Area Carbons Derived From Glucose

Advances in nano-catalysts based biodiesel production from non-food feedstocks

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