“…The advantages such as lengthy lifespan, ecofriendliness, easy miniaturization, recyclability, low-cost enhancement of mass production, and environmental sustainability of the product. Moreover, the range of target gas being detected by the MOS-based sensor is wider than the other gas sensor types and is in the concentration range from ppb to ppt . For environmental monitoring of several important urban air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NO x ), ozone (O 3 ), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sulfur oxides (SO x ), and carbon oxides (CO x ), the operability of sensing materials, namely TiO 2 , In 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , and ZnO, have demonstrated high potential for gas-sensing and monitoring applications. , …”