Room-level ventilation in schools and universities

McNeill, V. Faye; Corsi, Richard L.; Huffman, J. A.; King, Cathleen; Klein, Robert; Lamore, Michael; Maeng, Do Young; Miller, Shelly L.; Ng, N. L.; Olsiewski, Paula; Pollitt, Krystal J. Godri; Segalman, Rachel A.; Sessions, Alex L.; Squires, Todd M.; Westgate, Sabrina

doi:10.1016/j.aeaoa.2022.100152

Cited by 35 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Future variants (or subvariants) capable of displacing current Omicron subvariants will, by definition, have a growth advantage over these lineages, and there is no guarantee that their intrinsic severity will be reduced. 18 In the context of sustained transmission and circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the US, the nontrivial risk posed by COVID-19 to CYP warrants use of a wide and robust array of tools to limit the extent of infection and severe disease in this age group, through a combination of safe and efficacious vaccination against the disease, 19 appropriate pharmaceutical treatments, mitigations such as ventilation, 20 , 21 and other nonpharmaceutical interventions (eg, testing, supported isolation).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of COVID-19 as the Underlying Cause of Death Among Children and Young People Aged 0 to 19 Years in the US

et al. 2023

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ImportanceCOVID-19 was the underlying cause of death for more than 940 000 individuals in the US, including at least 1289 children and young people (CYP) aged 0 to 19 years, with at least 821 CYP deaths occurring in the 1-year period from August 1, 2021, to July 31, 2022. Because deaths among US CYP are rare, the mortality burden of COVID-19 in CYP is best understood in the context of all other causes of CYP death.ObjectiveTo determine whether COVID-19 is a leading (top 10) cause of death in CYP in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis national population-level cross-sectional epidemiological analysis for the years 2019 to 2022 used data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) database on underlying cause of death in the US to identify the ranking of COVID-19 relative to other causes of death among individuals aged 0 to 19 years. COVID-19 deaths were considered in 12-month periods between April 1, 2020, and August 31, 2022, compared with deaths from leading non–COVID-19 causes in 2019, 2020, and 2021.Main Outcomes and MeasuresCause of death rankings by total number of deaths, crude rates per 100 000 population, and percentage of all causes of death, using the National Center for Health Statistics 113 Selected Causes of Death, for ages 0 to 19 and by age groupings (&lt;1 year, 1-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, 15-19 years).ResultsThere were 821 COVID-19 deaths among individuals aged 0 to 19 years during the study period, resulting in a crude death rate of 1.0 per 100 000 population overall; 4.3 per 100 000 for those younger than 1 year; 0.6 per 100 000 for those aged 1 to 4 years; 0.4 per 100 000 for those aged 5 to 9 years; 0.5 per 100 000 for those aged 10 to 14 years; and 1.8 per 100 000 for those aged 15 to 19 years. COVID-19 mortality in the time period of August 1, 2021, to July 31, 2022, was among the 10 leading causes of death in CYP aged 0 to 19 years in the US, ranking eighth among all causes of deaths, fifth in disease-related causes of deaths (excluding unintentional injuries, assault, and suicide), and first in deaths caused by infectious or respiratory diseases when compared with 2019. COVID-19 deaths constituted 2% of all causes of death in this age group.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this study suggest that COVID-19 was a leading cause of death in CYP. It caused substantially more deaths in CYP annually than any vaccine-preventable disease historically in the recent period before vaccines became available. Various factors, including underreporting and not accounting for COVID-19’s role as a contributing cause of death from other diseases, mean that these estimates may understate the true mortality burden of COVID-19. The findings of this study underscore the public health relevance of COVID-19 to CYP. In the likely future context of sustained SARS-CoV-2 circulation, appropriate pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical interventions (eg, vaccines, ventilation, air cleaning) will continue to play an important role in limiting transmission of the virus and mitigating severe disease in CYP.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of COVID-19 as the Underlying Cause of Death Among Children and Young People Aged 0 to 19 Years in the US

et al. 2023

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“…6 We were unable to obtain the ventilation rate for the UL ISC, and so made two assumptions about its ventilation rate: rst to be like that of another sports centre by volume, at 12 000 m 3 h −1 , 6 and second by using the total volume of the building operated at an air exchange rate (AER) of 6 h −1 typical of such facilities operating under modern guidelines. [53][54][55] The resultant indoor mixing ratio of NH 2 Cl was calculated to be 19 ± 8 ppbv under the lower ventilation conditions and 1.7 ± 0.7 ppbv under high AER. This mixing ratio range is comparable in magnitude to maxima in NH 2 Cl measured during bleach cleaning events in a residence (60 ppbv) as well as NCl 3 measured inside swimming pool facilities (80 ppbv), 12,15 suggesting that the calculated emission rate of NH 2 Cl under reasonable air exchange conditions from the UL ISC results in a suitable approximation.…”

Section: Identication Of the Chloramine Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated levels of chloramines and chlorine detected near an indoor sports complex

Angelucci

Crilley

Richardson

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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“…Figure 3 shows these devices. There have been several attempts to improve ventilation using these relatively inexpensive sensors, but there are few examples in cold regions where they are most effective [38].…”

Section: Development Of Co2-concentration Meters With Warning Displaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Indoor Environment and Energy Consumption before and after Spread of COVID-19 in Schools in Japanese Cold-Climate Region

et al. 2022

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A report released by the WHO indicates that aerosols from infected people are one of the major sources of the spread of COVID-19. Therefore, as the COVID-19 infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads, it has become necessary to reconsider the design and operation of buildings. Inside school buildings in cold regions, not only is it not easy to increase ventilation during the winter, but it may also be difficult for students to attend classes while wearing masks during the summer because such buildings are not equipped with air-conditioning systems. In short, school buildings in cold climates have more problems than those in warm climates. We report on the results of indoor environmental measurement using our developed CO2-concentration meters, a questionnaire survey on students’ feeling of being hot or cold (i.e., ‘thermal sensation’), and a comparison of energy consumption before and after the spread of COVID-19 infection in schools in Sapporo, Japan, a cold-climate area. The results indicate that (1) more than 70% of the students participated in window ventilation by the CO2 meter, and (2) a relatively good indoor environment was maintained through the efforts of teachers and students. However, we also found that (1) 90% of the students felt hot in summer and (2) 40% felt cold in winter, (3) energy efficiency worsened by 7% due to increased ventilation, and (4) air quality was not as clean as desired during the coldest months of the year. Therefore, investment in insulation and air conditioning systems for school buildings is needed.

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Room-level ventilation in schools and universities

Cited by 35 publications

References 21 publications

Assessment of COVID-19 as the Underlying Cause of Death Among Children and Young People Aged 0 to 19 Years in the US

Assessment of COVID-19 as the Underlying Cause of Death Among Children and Young People Aged 0 to 19 Years in the US

Elevated levels of chloramines and chlorine detected near an indoor sports complex

Comparison of Indoor Environment and Energy Consumption before and after Spread of COVID-19 in Schools in Japanese Cold-Climate Region

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