Roman alloying practice

Jouttijärvi, Arne

doi:10.1080/10426914.2017.1279325

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This suggests that an alloy different from the Roman type was used in the melting process [18]. Lead was mainly used in the Roman Empire for the preparation of alloys for the production of statues, small statuettes, massive parts of toreutic products (e.g., attaches and protomes of bronze vessels) [1,6,20] and certain types of fibulae and their components [20,21]. The advantage of lead addition to alloys was the improved "flowability" of the metal, which provides homogeneous infilling of the mold [22,23].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High lead content in alloys was undesirable due to a higher risk of object damage during their consequent manual modification [6]. Considering the significant popularity of lead in the Roman Empire [6] and its addition to alloys (especially from the beginning of the second century to the fourth century AD [20]), we hypothesize that molds #1 and #2 were made by the remelting of objects of Roman origin [6,18]. The origin of alloy of mold #3 cannot be specified.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First Evidence of “Earth Wax” Inside the Casting Molds from the Roman Era

et al. 2021

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This research was focused on the analysis of material composition and organic residues present in three molds found in the Moravian region (Czech Republic) belonging to the Roman era. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy pointed out the possible remelting of Roman objects in Barbarian territory. The analysis of organic residues retrieved from the internal part of mold #2 by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry proved the presence of ozokerite wax (“earth wax”). Consequent analysis of this organic residue by Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe–ion mobility spectrometry–high-resolution mass spectrometry (ASAP-IMS-HRMS) confirmed the presence of ceresin, the main component of ozokerite. Ceresin was also detected in a sample of the organic residue from mold #1. Note that this is the first application of ASAP-IMS-HRMS in archaeological research. The remains of earth wax in molds suggest the production of wax models as an intermediate stage for the production of lost-wax ceramic casting molds.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Evidence of “Earth Wax” Inside the Casting Molds from the Roman Era

et al. 2021

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“…In the Roman imperium, Pb was preferred for alloys used in the production of statues, small figurines and massive components of toreutics (handles and protomes of bronze vessels) (Voss et al, 1999: 202, tab. 21; Jouttijärvi, 2017: 13; Könemann, 2018: 153). Popular types of Roman provincial fibulae in the second century were also alloyed with Pb, especially heavily segmented ( kräftig profilierte ) Danube fibulae and military knee fibulae (Zeman, 2017: 174, tab.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pb also lowers the melting point of alloys for casting in moulds (Horník et al, 2020: 66). Given the great popularity of Pb in the Roman Empire (Könemann, 2018: 164–165) and its addition to alloys mainly from the beginning of the second to fourth centuries CE (Jouttijärvi, 2017: 10, fig. 19), it can be stated that its appearance in our analysed alloy shows that an alloy originally coming from products of Roman provenance was used in its production (Könemann, 2018: 164; Vích et al, 2020: 177).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First evidence of the production of Ginalski E5 button spurs from copper alloy in Central Europe

Jílek

Kaňáková

Rybářová³

et al. 2023

Archaeometry

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Ginalski‐type E5 button spurs made from a Cu alloy are a characteristic attribute of the Middle Roman period in barbarian Europe. The find of part of a mould made of non‐ferrous metal at the Luleč site in the district of Vyškov, Czech Republic, provided key evidence for explaining the issue of their production. The discovery of this unique artefact showed that based on current knowledge, the spurs made from a Cu alloy were also produced in the Middle Danube region and not only in Northeast Europe as had previously been thought.

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“…Pietrzak 1997;Andrzejowski 1998;Gan 2015;Pauli 2019). Also, it should be mentioned that the zinc content in Roman brass European Eye Fibulae 1381 (auricalcum) was around 17-21%, and it seems that craftsmen could then add further alloying elements, such as tin or lead, when they wished to change the properties or the appearance of the alloy (Jouttijärvi 2009(Jouttijärvi , 2017. However, during the 1st and 2nd centuries and later in the Roman Empire and Barbaricum, the zinc content in copper alloys was steadily declining and alloy composition was changing over time due to different reasons (cf.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacture of the Well-Known Central and Northeastern European Eye Fibulae: Previously Unknown Tricks of the Trade

et al. 2021

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The emergence and widespread distribution of eye fibulae as adornment objects, from the northern provinces of the Roman Empire to northeastern Europe and Scandinavia, as well as their typology have been widely explored. Currently in Lithuania, a total of 209 eye fibulae dating to the 1st and 2nd centuries are known. The geographical distribution, typology and chronology of these Early Roman Period jewelry artifacts do not present any problem. However, the technology of manufacture of these fibulae has been much less studied. The present article analyzes the technology of manufacture of Prussian series eye fibulae, including the previously unknown specific manufacturing techniques, such as the use of wooden axes to modify the construction of the fibula and make it more durable and long lasting. Radiocarbon (14C) dating has unambiguously confirmed that the wooden axes are contemporaneous with the time of the use of the fibulae, while observation under the scanning electron microscope has identified wood species used for making the wooden axes. The X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) analysis was used to determine the copper alloys, of which eye fibulae were made. The manufacturing technologies of eye fibulae (forging and casting) are discussed in the context of analytical and experimental studies.

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Roman alloying practice

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

First Evidence of “Earth Wax” Inside the Casting Molds from the Roman Era

First Evidence of “Earth Wax” Inside the Casting Molds from the Roman Era

First evidence of the production of Ginalski E5 button spurs from copper alloy in Central Europe

Manufacture of the Well-Known Central and Northeastern European Eye Fibulae: Previously Unknown Tricks of the Trade

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