Roll-designed 3D nanofibrous scaffold suitable for the regeneration of load bearing bone defects

Abstract

In this work, an innovative and easy method for the fabrication of 3D scaffold from 2D electrospun structures is introduced. For this aim, coral microparticles were fixed inside the nanofibrous PCL/Gelatin mat and the obtained structure was post assembled into a cylindrical design. Scaffold fabrication procedure is described in detail and morphological properties, physical and mechanical characteristics and in vitro assessments of the prepared scaffold are reported. Presences of coral microparticles in the structure led to the formation of empty spaces (3D pores) between nanofibrous layers which in turn prevent the compact accumulation of nanofibers. Post-assembly of the obtained nanofibrous coral-loaded structures makes it possible to prepare a scaffold with any desired dimension (diameter and height). Existence of coral particles within the nanofibrous mats resulted in distant placement of layers toward each other in the assembling step, which in turn create vacancy in the structure for cellular migration and fluid and nutrients exchange of the scaffold with the surrounding environment. Cell morphology within the scaffolds is investigated and cytotoxicity and cytocompatibility of the structure is evaluated using Alamar blue assay. Enhancement in mineralization of the seeded cells within the prepared coral-loaded scaffolds is demonstrated by the use of SEM-EDX. Performed compression mechanical test revealed excellent modulus and stiffness values for the cylindrical samples which are comparable to those of natural bone tissue.

Fabrication of nanocomposite/nanofibrous functionally graded biomimetic scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regeneration

“…Gelatin shows a characteristic broad absorption peak at 3,200–3,500 cm −1 range attributed to stretch bond of OH in c, d, e, and f spectra. FTIR spectra of scaffold showed adsorption bands at 3,411.6 and 3,107.68 cm −1 due to the partially overlapped amine and hydroxyl group stretching vibrations of chitosan stretch bond of C–H 27 …”

“…The compressive load was applied at the rate of 0.5 mm/min up to 50% deformation (SANTAM, STM‐20). The stress–strain curve slope in low strains and high strains was calculated as the compressive modulus 27 …”

Producing 3D Biomimetic Nanomaterials for Musculoskeletal System Regeneration

“…Electrospinning is a versatile and extensively used technique to produce nanofibrous structures, although with insufficient thickness and pore size for cell infiltration (Valizadeh and Mussa Farkhani, 2014 ). Nanofibrous scaffolds with fibers of hundreds of nanometers in length forming a high porosity mesh, and with enhanced mechanical properties for the regeneration of load-bearing bone defects, have been obtained by rolling microparticle-modified electrospun polycaprolactone /gelatin solutions (Hejazi and Mirzadeh, 2016 ). Coral microparticles were homogeneously added to the nanofibrous mat during electrospinning.…”

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Decellularized Bone Matrix Seeded with Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Accelerated Bone Regeneration

“…However, the issue of limited source and donor site complications is a constrain. Bone allografts dominate the top choice for orthopaedic surgeons since they are accessible in various forms and huge amounts [ 9 , 10 ]. However, poor healing was detected relative to the use of autologous grafts and the risk of potential transmission of disease and other infective agents, leading to the morbidity of patients [ 9 , 10 ].…”

“…Bone allografts dominate the top choice for orthopaedic surgeons since they are accessible in various forms and huge amounts [ 9 , 10 ]. However, poor healing was detected relative to the use of autologous grafts and the risk of potential transmission of disease and other infective agents, leading to the morbidity of patients [ 9 , 10 ]. Therefore, there is a need for an alternative bone scaffold to facilitate bone healing and regeneration is needed for the restoration of critical bone defects.…”