Roles of the Non-Structural Proteins of Influenza A Virus

Hao, Wenzhuo; Wang, Lingyan; Li, Shitao

doi:10.3390/pathogens9100812

Cited by 24 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 158 publications

(249 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…GiRaF predicted larger reassortant sets among Africa H3N2 than H1N1pdm09 viruses, indicative of increased transmissibility of the H3N2 reassortants. In total, 78 · 2 per cent (79/101) of Africa H1N1pdm09 acquired new NS genes that highlight the importance of the NS protein in suppressing the host’s innate immunity, increasing viral replication, transmissibility, virulence, pathogenicity, and pandemic potential as well as host range ( Hao, Wang, and Li 2020 ; Rosário-Ferreira et al. 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-genome analysis to determine the rate and patterns of intra-subtype reassortment among influenza type-A viruses in Africa

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Influenza type-A viruses (IAVs) present a global burden of human respiratory infections and mortality. Genome reassortment is an important mechanism through which epidemiologically novel influenza viruses emerge, and a core step in the safe reassortment-incompetent live-attenuated influenza vaccine development. Currently, there are no data on the rate, spatial and temporal distribution, and role of reassortment in the evolution and diversification of IAVs circulating in Africa. We aimed to detect intra-subtype reassortment among Africa pandemic H1N1pdm09 (2009-2010), seasonal H1N1pdm09 (2011-2020), and seasonal H3N2 viruses, and characterize the genomic architecture, and temporal and spatial distribution patterns of the resulting reassortants. Our study was nested within the Uganda National Influenza Surveillance Programme. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to generate whole genomes (WGs) from 234 H1N1pdm09 (n=116) and H3N2 (n=118) viruses sampled between 2010 and 2018 from 7 districts in Uganda. We combined our newly-generated WGs with 658 H1N1pdm09 and 1131 H3N2 WGs sampled between 1994 and 2020 across Africa and identified reassortants using an automated Graph Incompatibility Based Reassortment Finder (GiRaF) software. Viral reassortment rates were estimated using a coalescent reassortant constant population model (CoalRe). Phylogenetic analysis was used to assess the effect of reassortment on viral genetic evolution. We observed a high frequency of intra-subtype reassortment events, 12·4% (94/758) and 20·9% (256/1224), and reassortants, 13·3% (101/758) and 38·6% (472/1224), among Africa H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 viruses, respectively. H1N1pdm09 reassorted at higher rates (0.1237-0.4255) than H3N2 viruses (0·00912-0.0355 events/lineage/year), a case unique to Uganda. Viral reassortants were sampled in 2009 through 2020, except in 2012. 78·2% (79/101) of H1N1pdm09 reassortants acquired new non-structural (NS), while 57·8% (273/472) of the H3N2 reassortants had new hemagglutinin (H3) genes. Africa H3N2 viruses underwent more reassortment events involving larger reassortant sets than H1N1pdm09 viruses. Viruses with a specific reassortment architecture circulated for up to 5 consecutive years in specific countries and regions. The Eastern (Uganda and Kenya) and Western Africa harboured 84·2% (85/101) and 55·9% (264/472) of the continent’s H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 reassortants, respectively. The frequent reassortment involving multi-genes observed among Africa IAVs showed the intracontinental viral evolution and diversification possibly sustained by viral importation from outside Africa and/or local viral genomic mixing and transmission. Novel reassortant viruses emerged every year, and some persisted in different countries and regions, thereby presenting a risk of influenza outbreaks in Africa. Our findings highlight Africa as part of the global influenza ecology and the advantage of implementing routine whole- over partial genome sequencing and analyses to monitor circulating and detect emerging viruses. Furthermore, this study provides evidence and heightens our knowledge on IAVs evolution which is integral in directing vaccine strain selection and the update of master donor viruses used in recombinant vaccine development.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-genome analysis to determine the rate and patterns of intra-subtype reassortment among influenza type-A viruses in Africa

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…All four types of influenza virus are enveloped, take on a spherical (

or filamentous (

) shape, and contain a single-stranded, segmented RNA genome [ 4 , 11 , 26 ]. While IAV and IBV use eight RNA gene segments to express anywhere from 10–17 proteins, ICV and IDV utilize seven RNA gene segments that express nine proteins [ 4 , 27 , 28 ]. Influenza viruses are packaged with everything needed to infect a host cell and make more virus, with replication cycles highly conserved across all four types of influenza virus [ 4 ].…”

Section: Influenza Virus Proteins and Their Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing Influenza Virus Biology for Understanding Influenza D Virus

Skelton

Huber

2022

Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The newest type of influenza virus, influenza D virus (IDV), was isolated in 2011. IDV circulates in several animal species worldwide, causing mild respiratory illness in its natural hosts. Importantly, IDV does not cause clinical disease in humans and does not spread easily from person to person. Here, we review what is known about the host–pathogen interactions that may limit IDV illness. We focus on early immune interactions between the virus and infected host cells in our summary of what is known about IDV pathogenesis. This work establishes a foundation for future research into IDV infection and immunity in mammalian hosts.

show abstract

“…The nuclear protein (NP) and matrix proteins (M1 and M2) affect the packaging efficiency of the IAV’s segmented genome and, consequently, viral fitness ( Brooke et al., 2014 ). Regarding the non-structural proteins (NSPs) of IAV, besides determining its pathogenicity and modulating its life cycle, they provide evasion of host innate defenses ( Hao et al., 2020 ), which could render innocuous changes in the species-specificity determining proteins HA and NA.…”

Section: Biology and Evolution Of Iavs With A Focus On Avian Iavsmentioning

confidence: 99%