Comparing Influenza Virus Biology for Understanding Influenza D Virus

Skelton, Raegan M.; Huber, Victor C.

doi:10.3390/v14051036

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…These contain regions specific to each gene segment, segment-specific noncoding regions (ssNCRs) as well as a conserved sequence common to all vRNAs: the 12 nucleotides of the 3 'end and the 13 of the 5' end are conserved for all the gene segments of all the influenza A strains. Partially complementary, they combine to form a secondary structure, hairpin or corkscrew, found at vRNP level [28,29].…”

Section: Influenza a Virus Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Influenza Virus Tropism in Humans

Bakar¹,

Amrani²,

Kamarulzaman³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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A pandemic happens when a novel influenza A virus is able to infect and transmit efficiently to a new, distinct host species. Although the exact timing of pandemics is uncertain, it is known that both viral and host factors play a role in their emergence. Species-specific interactions between the virus and the host cell determine the virus tropism. These include binding and entering cells, replicating the viral RNA genome within the host cell nucleus, assembling, maturing, and releasing the virus to neighbouring cells, tissues, or organs before transmitting it between individuals. Influenza has a vast and antigenically varied reservoir. In wild aquatic birds, the infection is typically asymptomatic. Avian influenza virus (AIV) can cross into new species, and occasionally, it can acquire the ability to transmit from human to human. A pandemic might occur if a new influenza virus acquires enough adaptive mutations to maintain transmission between people. This review highlights the key determinants AIV must achieve to initiate a human pandemic and describes how AIV mutates to establish tropism and stable human adaptation. Understanding the tropism of AIV may be crucial in preventing virus transmission in humans and may help design vaccines, antivirals and therapeutic agents against the virus.

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Section: Influenza a Virus Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Influenza Virus Tropism in Humans

Bakar¹,

Amrani²,

Kamarulzaman³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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show abstract

“…Influenza A subtypes have been classified according to the hemagglutinin (HA-18 subtypes) and neuraminidase (NA-11 subtypes) [ 12 ]. Type A viruses primarily infect horses, swine, and humans [ 13 ], and the emerging influenza D virus (IDV) can also affect farm animals, including horses, bovines, and swine [ 14 , 15 ]. Recently, in equine populations from the Midwestern United States, the cocirculation of two lineages of IDV was reported, supporting the need for further surveillance of IDV viruses in agricultural species [ 16 ].…”

Section: Virus Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas

et al. 2022

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Equine influenza is a highly contagious disease caused by the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), which is endemically distributed throughout the world. It infects equids, and interspecies transmission to dogs has been reported. The H3N8 Florida lineage, which is divided into clades 1 and 2, is the most representative lineage in the Americas. The EIV infects the respiratory system, affecting the ciliated epithelial cells and preventing the elimination of foreign bodies and substances. Certain factors related to the disease, such as an outdated vaccination plan, age, training, and close contact with other animals, favor the presentation of equine influenza. This review focuses on the molecular, pathophysiological, and epidemiological characteristics of EIV in the Americas to present updated information to achieve prevention and control of the virus. We also discuss the need for monitoring the disease, the use of vaccines, and the appropriate application of those biologicals, among other biosecurity measures that are important for the control of the virus.

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“…The influenza virus belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family and includes four genera, Alphainfluenzavirus, Betainfluenzavirus, Gammainfluenzavirus, and Deltainfluenzavirus, corresponding to influenza virus A (IAV), B (IBV), C (ICV), and D (IDV), respectively [71]. IAV has a broad host spectrum and is one of the most critical causative pathogens of viral respiratory diseases in avians, humans, and pigs [72][73][74].…”

Section: Influenza a Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavonoids as Potential Antiviral Agents for Porcine Viruses

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2022

Pharmaceutics

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Flavonoids are types of natural substances with phenolic structures isolated from a variety of plants. Flavonoids have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral activities. Although most of the research or applications of flavonoids are focused on human diseases, flavonoids also show potential applicability against porcine virus infection. This review focuses on the recent progress in antiviral mechanisms of potential flavonoids against the most common porcine viruses. The mechanism discussed in this paper may provide a theoretical basis for drug screening and application of natural flavonoid compounds and flavonoid-containing herbs to control porcine virus infection and guide the research and development of pig feed additives.

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Comparing Influenza Virus Biology for Understanding Influenza D Virus

Cited by 12 publications

References 57 publications

Avian Influenza Virus Tropism in Humans

Avian Influenza Virus Tropism in Humans

Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas

Flavonoids as Potential Antiviral Agents for Porcine Viruses

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