Roles of charged particles and reactive species on cell membrane permeabilization induced by atmospheric-pressure plasma irradiation

Abstract

As factors that influence cell membrane permeabilization during direct and indirect atmospheric-pressure plasma irradiation, charged particle influx, superoxide anion radicals (O2 −∙), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in plasma-irradiated solution were evaluated. These are the three strong candidate factors and might multiply contribute to cell membrane permeabilization. In particular, a shorter plasma diffusion distance leads to the enhancement of the direct effects such as charged particle influx and further increase cell membrane permeability. In addition, O2 −∙ dissipates over time (a life span of the order of minutes) in plasma-irradiated water, and the deactivation of a plasma-irradiated solution in term of cell membrane permeabilization occurs in a life span of the same order. These results could promote the understanding of the mechanism of plasma-induced cell membrane permeabilization.

Gas-liquid interfacial plasmas producing reactive species for cell membrane permeabilization

“…( 36 – 38 ) Furthermore, the use of fluorescent dyes such as YOYO-1 and LIVE/DEAD Stain indicated that APP irradiation enhances the permeability of the cell membrane without killing the cell. ( 39 – 42 ) To understand the underlying mechanism of cell membrane permeabilization, we have investigated the effects of plasma-produced reactive species in the liquid phase region on cell activity. These plasma-produced reactive species reportedly play key roles in many medical applications of GLI-APPJ.…”

“…To identify these direct and indirect irradiation effects, we detect • OH and superoxide anion radicals O 2 •− in plasma-irradiated water using ESR. ( 65 – 67 ) The half-life of O 2 •− is several tens of minutes in plasma-irradiated water at 4°C ( 42 ) and O 2 •− is therefore a strong candidate as the short-lived key-product. The generation of O 2 •− in water by APPJ irradiation is detected by ESR using 5-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propoxycyclophosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N -oxide) (CYPMPO) as spin-trap because the reaction rate of CYPMPO with O 2 •− is higher than that of the more commonly used 5,5-dimethyl N -oxide pyrroline (DMPO).…”

“…( 26 ) Many studies on applications of GLI-APPJ to plasma medicine have reported exciting results using the plasma-induced stimuli, including the selective killing of cancer cells, ( 28 – 30 ) blood coagulation for minimally invasive surgery, ( 31 , 32 ) wound healing and tissue regeneration, ( 33 – 35 ) and cell membrane permeabilization. ( 36 – 42 )…”

Direct plasma stimuli including electrostimulation and OH radical induce transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ and uptake of a middle‐size membrane‐impermeable molecule

“…Among APP medical applications, transfection technology of middle‐size (500–30 000 Da) and large‐size (30 000‐ Da) molecules has attracted attention. Some research groups have reported cell membrane permeabilization of middle‐size fluorescent dye and large‐size plasmid DNA using various types of APP . Although a few reports have suggested that the multiple effects of electric and chemical stimuli are key factors in APP‐induced membrane permeabilization, most of the underlying mechanisms remain unknown.…”

A novel cold atmospheric pressure air plasma jet for peri-implantitis treatment: An <i>in vitro</i> study

“…Additionally, Kvam et al reported that cold plasma could damage cell membrane integrity in a time-dependent manner 64) . Of note, a current cold plasma study indicated that the synergistic actions of charged particles and chemical reactive species damaged cell membrane 65) . The SEM results in Fig.…”