Role of β-Caryophyllene in the Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Tagetes lucida Cav. Essential Oil

Abstract

Tagetes lucida Cav. (Asteraceae) is an ancient medicinal plant commonly used to alleviate pain. Nevertheless, scientific studies validating this property are lacking in the literature. Animal models of pain were used to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of T. lucida essential oil (TLEO) and a bioactive metabolite. The chemical constitution and possible toxicity of the extract and the mechanism of action of β-caryophyllene were also explored. Temporal course curves and dose–response graphics were generated using TLEO (0.1–10 mg/kg or 3.16–31.62 mg/kg) and β-caryophyllene (3.16–10 mg/kg). Metamizole (80 mg/kg) and indomethacin (20 mg/kg) were used as reference drugs in the formalin assay and writhing test in rats and mice, respectively. The β-caryophyllene mechanism of action was explored in the presence of naloxone (1 mg/kg), flumazenil (10 mg/kg), WAY100635 (0.16 mg/kg), or nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (20 mg/kg) in the formalin test in rats. GC/MS analysis demonstrated the presence of geranyl acetate (49.89%), geraniol (7.92%), and β-caryophyllene (6.27%). Significant and dose-dependent antinociceptive response was produced by TLEO and β-caryophyllene without the presence of gastric damage. In conclusion, β-caryophyllene was confirmed as a bioactive compound in the T. lucida analgesic properties by involving the participation of receptors like opioids, benzodiazepines, and Serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1A), as well as nitric oxide.

Antileishmanial Activity and Influence on Mitochondria of the Essential Oil from Tagetes lucida Cav. and Its Main Component

“…Nevertheless, a different quantitative and qualitative composition has also been documented in plants collected from Mexico [15], in which the main compound was geranyl acetate (49.9%). A perusal of the literature reveals at least four different chemotypes of T. lucida based on essential oil composition: (1) an estragole-dominated chemotype [10][11][12][13][14], (2) an estragol/anethol chemotype [15,16], (3) a methyl eugenol chemotype [17], and (4) a geranyl acetate-rich chemotype [17,18]. The phenylpropanoid estragole is found in numerous EOs and is known to possess different pharmacological properties, such as antifungal [19], antiparasitic [20,21], and anti-inflammatory [22] activity.…”

Chemopreventive Potential of Caryophyllane Sesquiterpenes: An Overview of Preliminary Evidence

“…Indeed, it has been characterized by a plethora of biological activities, among which analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and antiproliferative were the most investigated; moreover, it has been reported to affect phospholipid cooperativity and membrane permeability ( Table 3 ). These properties have provided benefits in several experimental models of disease, such as neurodegeneration, inflammation, pain, anxiety, depression, autoimmune diseases, metabolic ailments, osteoarthritis and some cancer models [ 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 ,…”

β-Caryophyllene inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase activity and increases 2-AG levels: a new mechanism of endocannabinoid-mediated analgesia?

“…BCP has the potential to treat several neurological diseases and disorders such as cerebral ischemia, brain lesions, neuro-inflammation, and problems in cortical, hippocampal, and cerebellar neurons and glial cells [7,[31][32][33][34][35]. The analgesic effect of BCP in essential oils and other formulations has been well described [19,[36][37][38][39][40][41]. BCP rich essential oils have demonstrated antinociceptive effects at 25 -62.5 mg/kg [40], 50 -75 mg/kg [37], and 100 -400 mg/kg [36,39] (p.o.).…”