Role of β-Adrenergic Receptors and Nitric Oxide Signaling in Exercise-Mediated Cardioprotection

Abstract

Exercise promotes cardioprotection in both humans and animals not only by reducing risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease but by reducing myocardial infarction and improving survival following ischemia. This article will define the role that nitric oxide and ␤-adrenergic receptors play in mediating the cardioprotective effects of exercise in the setting of ischemiareperfusion injury.

Chronic exercise downregulates myocardial myoglobin and attenuates nitrite reductase capacity during ischemia–reperfusion

“…Third, it is quite possible that our findings related to the limited infarct size lowering effects of VE, the reduction in myoglobin, and the reduction in nitrite reductase activity are unique to the mouse and may not accurately reflect what happens in larger mammals or humans after exercise. In regards to the infarct lowering effects, evidence in the literature indicates the degree of protection after exercise training ranges from 4–75% depending on the ischemic model studied (permanent ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion) and the training strategy employed (voluntary, treadmill, or swimming) [51]. Our findings are in line with similar studies that subjected rodents to chronic durations of training [5, 52].…”

Physical Exercise Training Cancels Сonstitutive Nos Uncoupling and Induced Violations of Cardiac Hemodynamics in Hypertension (Part Iii)

“…Тому фізичне тренування часто використовується з кар-діопротекторною метою [1,2]. Дослідження останніх років показали, що основну роль у впливі тренування на серцево-судинну сис-тему відіграє активація ендотелію [3][4][5] та ендотеліальної NO-синтази (eNOS) за допо-могою збільшення фосфорилювання залишку серину у положенні 1177 та зменшення фос-форилювання залишку треоніну у положенні 495 [6,7].…”

Exercise training provides cardioprotection by activating and coupling endothelial nitric oxide synthaseviaa β3-adrenergic receptor-AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway

“…Despite the well-documented beneficial effects of exercise,89 the signaling mechanisms that mediate these actions have not been fully elucidated 10. Therefore, continued investigation into the unknown signaling mechanisms of exercise is extremely important given their enormous health care implications 11. Additionally, understanding how the cardiovascular system adapts to exercise is also important, because in regards to other strategies ( i.e ., pharmacological preconditioning), exercise appears to be unique in that it can elicit sustainable protection over the course of a long training period and provide protection for days after the cessation of the training period 11.…”