Role of vitamin D levels and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in Klinefelter syndrome

Abstract

These data highlight that low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels seem to have a more critical role than low T levels in inducing low BMD in KS subjects. Furthermore, vitamin D supplementation seems to be more effective than T replacement therapy alone in increasing BMD.

The Klinefelter syndrome: current management and research challenges

“…Which parameter is the best marker of androgenicity? He also returned to his talk on 'Optimized treatment for osteoporosis' and pointed out that KS men have a high risk for osteoporosis when testosterone levels are either low or normal (or near normal), probably because low T is not the only cause of low BMD in these subjects (low vitamin D and low INSL3 may contribute) (Ferlin et al, 2015). T replacement therapy is not fully efficient in increasing BMD or maintaining it.…”

Klinefelter syndrome: From pediatrics to geriatrics

“…The updated AUA guideline for the evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency indicates that whether TRT increases or decreases the risk of cardiovascular events cannot be definitively stated. This guideline also indicates that there is no definitive evidence linking TRT to a higher incidence of venous thromboembolic events . Obviously, this guideline is for general hypogonadal men, and data on men with KS are needed for future investigations.…”

“…In addition to reproductive medicine, many urologists in Japan are engaged in general urology as well as nephrology, hemodialysis, and renal transplant, which enables a quick start to the management of comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia, in most men with KS after infertility treatment 10 11, 12 13, 14 15, 16 17-19 94 Bojesen and Gravholt (2011) 68 Ferlin et al (2015) 98 Femur fracture Based on data from epidemiological studies, KS is associated with increased morbidity and mortality althoughall the information collected regarding KS is derived from diagnosed cases comprising only approximately 25% of the expected affected number of patients. 3,66 In other words, the diagnosis of KS at the time of infertility treatment is a special opportunity to evaluate their general health, and patients and medical providers should begin follow-up and the management of comorbidities.…”

“…This guideline also indicates that there is no definitive evidence linking TRT to a higher incidence of venous thromboembolic events. 98 Obviously, this guideline is for general hypogonadal men, and data on men with KS are needed for future investigations.…”

Klinefelter syndrome in children and adolescents

“…[56], у пациентов, начавших получать препараты тестостерона до 20-летнего возраста, в зрелости имели место нормальные показатели плотности костной ткани, тогда как у пациентов, начавших лечение в возрасте старше 20 лет, эти показатели были сниженными. Возможным механизмом нарушений костного метаболизма считают снижение уровня витамина D 3 [33,57]. S. Overdad и соавт.…”