Role of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray neurons in the behavioral and cardiovascular responses to contextual conditioned fear and poststress recovery

Walker, Peter G.; Carrive, Pascal

doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00744-3

Cited by 161 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…As far as cardiovascular changes are concerned, stress may induce both modifications in heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV), as well as vascular changes in different body's parts, including the skin (Blessing, 2003;Walker and Carrive, 2003). Similar physiological reactions have been shown stimuli in the rat's tail and in the rabbit's ear in response to alerting (Blessing and Seaman, 2003;Yu and Blessing, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The same vascular changes in response to fear eliciting stimuli in the rat have also been shown by Vianna and Carrive (2005), who found a marked drop in tail and paws temperature; on the contrary temperature of the eye, head and back increased. The functional hypothesis relies on the relationship between fear response and the increased arterial pressure and cardiac sympathetic output (Walker and Carrive, 2003). The main problems in measuring body and skin temperature are associated to the difficulty in recording them without inducing other stress reactions due to presence or handling by humans (Berz, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Technical note: Applicability of infrared thermography as a non invasive measurements of stress in rabbit.

Ludwig¹,

Gargano²,

Luzi³

et al. 2010

World rabbit sci.

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Among the main physiological stress indicators, the temperature evaluation is very important and innovative because it may be monitored without directly interacting with the animal. The use of a thermographic system, which is based on the detection of infrared radiation emitted by a subject, is a suitable method in order to measure temperature without any contact. In this research, a thermographic system was employed in order to single out the rabbit skin's zones most suitable for the temperature monitoring during stress challenges. Six hybrid rabbits were observed during induced stress; the areas selected as reference were: the ocular area (globe and periocular area), the internal auricle pavilion, and a shaved area of the head. The results of this pilot study show that the thermographic technique is a suitable method for the evaluation of temperature on rabbit. The best areas singled out were the eye bulb, the periocular area and the ear skin. The results concerning the effect of stress on cutaneous temperature showed that during stress condition a decrease in temperature occurs with respect to the basal condition (ΔT~1°C) and this trend is more evident for the auricle pavillion. In fact, this reaction is more evidenced in the ear skin, where a vasoconstriction process occurs. Moreover, corticosterone levels slightly increase (P=0.08) following the stressor's challenge due to tonic immobility test. In this research, both temperature and the change in corticosterone level show that the stress reaction induced by tonic immobility test is stronger than the one due to the other stressors applied to rabbits.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical note: Applicability of infrared thermography as a non invasive measurements of stress in rabbit.

Ludwig¹,

Gargano²,

Luzi³

et al. 2010

World rabbit sci.

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“…Manipulations that increase PAG activity (e.g., electrical or chemical stimulation) elicit freezing (Vianna et al, 2001), whereas manipulations that decrease PAG activity prevent freezing as a CR (De Oca et al, 1998;Amorapanth et al, 1999;Walker and Carrive, 2003). Moreover, expression of conditioned freezing is associated with increased PAG neuronal activation (Carrive et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opioid Receptors in the Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Regulate Extinction of Pavlovian Fear Conditioning

McNally¹,

Pigg²,

Weidemann³

2004

J. Neurosci.

104

117

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Four experiments studied the role of opioid receptors in the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), an important structure eliciting conditioned fear responses, in the extinction of Pavlovian fear. Rats received pairings of an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) with a foot shock unconditioned stimulus (US). The freezing conditioned response (CR) elicited by the CS was then extinguished via nonreinforced presentations of the CS. Microinjection of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone into the ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) before nonreinforced CS presentations impaired development of extinction, but such microinjections at the end of extinction did not reinstate an already extinguished freezing CR. This role for opioid receptors in fear extinction was specific to the vlPAG because infusions of naloxone into the dorsal PAG did not impair fear extinction. Finally, the impairment of fear extinction produced by vlPAG infusions of naloxone was dose-dependent. These results show for the first time that the midbrain PAG contributes to fear extinction and specifically identify a role for vlPAG opioid receptors in the acquisition but not the expression of such extinction. Taken together with our previous findings, we suggest that, during fear conditioning, activation of vlPAG opioid receptors contributes to detection of the discrepancy between the actual and expected outcome of the conditioning trial. vlPAG opioid receptors regulate the learning that accrues to the CS and other stimuli present on a trial because they instantiate an associative error correction process influencing US information reaching the site of CS-US convergence in the amygdala. During nonreinforcement, this vlPAG opioid receptor contribution signals extinction.

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“…The vlPAG has been considered necessary for the acquisition of aversive information and expression of the different types of defensive behaviors, particularly the expression of contextual conditioned fear [58,82,91,92]. In the present study, Ang (5-8) effects into the vlPAG of rats subjected to contextual fear reinforce the involvement of the angiotensinergic system on anxiety-related behavior [19,21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Effects of angiotensin (5-8) microinfusions into the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray on defensive behaviors in rats

Genaro¹,

Juliano²,

Prado³

et al. 2013

Behavioural Brain Research

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Role of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray neurons in the behavioral and cardiovascular responses to contextual conditioned fear and poststress recovery

Cited by 161 publications

References 54 publications

Technical note: Applicability of infrared thermography as a non invasive measurements of stress in rabbit.

Technical note: Applicability of infrared thermography as a non invasive measurements of stress in rabbit.

Opioid Receptors in the Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Regulate Extinction of Pavlovian Fear Conditioning

Effects of angiotensin (5-8) microinfusions into the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray on defensive behaviors in rats

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