Role of serotonin and nuclear factor-kappa B in the ameliorative effect of ginger on acetic acid-induced colitis

A systematic review of the anti‐obesity and weight lowering effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and its mechanisms of action

“…Ginger compounds may also decrease the expression of some enzymes involved in the lipogenesis, for example, fatty acid synthase and acetyl CoA carboxylase (Okamoto et al, ). Suppression of adipogenesis : It was reported that treatment with active components of ginger reduced the adipogenesis in adipocytes (3T3‐L1), maybe by decreasing the expression of PPARγ‐associated genes (Ahn & Oh, ; Tzeng & Liu, ). However, there are some controversy toward the agonistic (Ahn & Oh, ; Tzeng & Liu, ) or antagonistic effects (Chung et al, ; de Las, Valero‐Muñoz, Martín‐Fernández, et al, ; Isa, Miyakawa, Yanagisawa, et al, ) of ginger on PPARγ. Inhibition of intestinal absorption of dietary fat : It was reported that ginger could suppress the pancreatic lipase enzyme and decrease intestinal absorption of dietary fat that was comparable with the orlistat effect in animal model (Mahmoud & Elnour, ). Controlling appetite : It seems that ginger supplementation may decrease the appetite (Ebrahimzadeh Attari et al, ; Mansour et al, ); albeit, there is not a full agreement toward this idea (Abd Allah, Makboul, & Mohamed, ; Wadikar & Premavalli, ). Two conflicting hypotheses regarding ginger's mechanism of action on appetite have been reported.…”

“…6. Controlling appetite: It seems that ginger supplementation may decrease the appetite (Ebrahimzadeh Attari et al, 2015;Mansour et al, 2012); albeit, there is not a full agreement toward this idea (Abd Allah, Makboul, & Mohamed, 2016;Wadikar & Premavalli, 2011). Two conflicting hypotheses regarding ginger's mechanism of action on appetite have been reported.…”

“…It was reported that the main constitutes of ginger could control the appetite, maybe through binding to 5-HT 2c receptors in the central nervous system (Goyal & Kadnur, 2006;Mansour et al, 2012;Palatty et al, 2013). However, according to the other hypothesis, ginger may act as an appetizer through a modulatory effect on intestinal 5-HT receptors (may be 5-HT 3 ) that increases gastrointestinal tract peristalsis and decrease the food transit time (Abd Allah et al, 2016;Hu, Rayner, Wu, et al, 2011;Jin et al, 2014;Lua, Salihah, & Mazlan, 2015;Micklefield et al, 1999;Wu, Rayner, Chuah, et al, 2008) and although by decreasing leptin levels (Ismail, 2014;Okamoto et al, 2011;Saravanan et al, 2014;Shalaby & Saifan, 2014;Wadikar & Premavalli, 2011).…”

Ginger in patients with active ulcerative colitis: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

“…These effects were associated with a significant decrease in NFkB expression and a decrease in TNF-α, IL-10, and the total peroxide levels in the colon. In this study, the therapeutic effects of ginger were shown to be more than preventive effects [16]. Dileep et al investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of an alcohol extract of ginger (700 mg/kg/day) in ulcerative colitis induced by acetic acid in rats.…”

“…Data also have revealed that ginger suppresses nuclear factor kappa B (NF κ B) and ameliorates UC in experimental models [16,17]. In a study by Allah et al, ginger administration (400 mg/kg) significantly improved the effects of acetic acid-induced colitis by decreasing the weight-to-length ratio of the colon and macroscopic and microscopic manifestation of colon specimens.…”