“…Anti-inflammatory decreased serum level of TNF-α and IL-1β and expression of mRNA in gastric mucosa [5,15] inhibited production of TNF-α, IL-1β in LPS-stimulated macrophages in vivo and in vitro [44] reduced mRNA and protein expression of HIF-1α in gastric mucosa [5,15] increased IL-10 expression in macrophages via activation p38MAPK [87] supressed NF-κB pathway in gastric mucosa [21] decreased ERK1/2 kinase activity in T cells [88] induced activation of AnxA1 pathway [21] re reduced mRNA and protein expression of HIF-1α in gastric mucosa and supressed NF-κB pathway in gastric mucosa [15] involved in regulation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocyte differentiation, decrease of IL-17A content [50] Anti-oxidative caused Nrf-2 /HMOX-1pathway upregulation [11,18] inhibited the lipid peroxidation [2] decreased level of MDA and increased production of glutathione (GSH) [7,56] decreased level of MDA and modulated SOD activity [56,89] Vasodilatation increased gastric microcirculation via sGC on endogenous NO and CO biosynthesis-dependent manner [53,54,56] Increased gastric microcirculation via sGC with contribution of NO biosynthesis pathway and independently on endogenous H 2 S activity [40,42,43,54,56] dependent on activation of K ATP channels [90] dependent on activation of K ATP channels [91] HCO 3 secretion in duodenum increased [64] increased [62,64] Impact on gut microbiota caused the reconstitution of microbiota biofilm dysbiosis [69,72] found to be involved in CO/HMOX-1 pathway in cross-talk between the microbiota and the mucosal immune compartment [49]…”