Role of post-metallization anneal sequence and forming gas anneal to mitigate light and elevated temperature induced degradation of multicrystalline silicon solar cells

Sharma, Romika; Chong, Ang Pun; Li, Joel B.; Aberle, Armin G.; Huang, Ying

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2019.02.036

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Regarding the weather conditions, the period is between 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. On these days, the variation of the solar radiation on the tilted surface of the modules [W/m 2 ] and the ambient temperature [ • C] varied, with the highest levels for both parameters happening at noon (see Figure 3 While high levels of solar radiations are beneficial for electric power production by the PV modules, these environmental conditions increase the operating temperature of the PV modules. The temperatures vary throughout the day, with the highest temperatures occurring between 11:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., reaching levels over 60 • C-a value found in the international literature [12,20,37,75,76] and involves the worsening of the degradation of the solar cells causing significant energy yield losses (kWh) [77]-in some periods (see Figure 4). The three modules-PV1, PV2, and PV4-present a small difference in temperature, once the temperature lines do not overlap.…”

Section: Pre-operation Of the Odtu Water-filmmentioning

confidence: 93%

A Long-Term Analysis of the Architecture and Operation of Water Film Cooling System for Commercial PV Modules

et al. 2021

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This work aims at analyzing and architecting natural and artificial parameters to model a water-film cooling system for photovoltaic modules for some months under warm conditions. Methodologically, the theoretical and technical aspects were structured to develop, implement, monitor, and assess the cooling system at an on-grid, outdoor testing unit, considering the following: (i) the criteria to select and to approve the implementation site (infrastructure and climatologic and solarimetric conditions); (ii) the types, frequency and qualities of the monitored data; (iii) the system measurement, monitoring and control equipment; (iv) the commissioning of the system as a whole; and (v) the tests and results empirically obtained. The water-film cooling system reduces the temperature by 15–19%, on average, and up to a maximum of 24–35%. In terms of electric power, there was an average gain of 5–9% at the time of day with the highest solar radiation, and maximum gains of 12% on days with solar radiation above average. Regarding gross energy, average gains of 2.3–6%, and maximum gains of 6.3–12%, were obtained. It was concluded that the test unit helps understand the natural phenomena and the development, operation, and maintenance of performance gain systems of on-grid PV modules for construction on a commercial scale.

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Section: Pre-operation Of the Odtu Water-filmmentioning

confidence: 93%

A Long-Term Analysis of the Architecture and Operation of Water Film Cooling System for Commercial PV Modules

et al. 2021

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“…Sharma et al 41 Optimisation of firing conditions with reductions in peak firing temperature and modification of belt speed. Use of post metallization dark annealing at moderate temperatures (300 C-550 C) Sharma et al 130 Incorporation of postfiring forming gas annealing (FGA)…”

Section: Mitigation Of Letidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in the understanding of light‐ and elevated temperature‐induced degradation in silicon solar cells: A review

Chen

Contreras

Ciesla

et al. 2020

Progress in Photovoltaics

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At present, the commercially dominant and rapidly expanding PV-device technology is based on the passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) design developed at UNSW. However, this technology has been found to suffer from a carrier-induced degradation commonly referred to as 'lightand elevated temperature-induced degradation' (LeTID) and can result in up to 16% relative performance losses. LeTID was recently shown to occur in almost every type of silicon wafer, independent of the doping material. Even though the degradation mechanism is known to recover under normal operation conditions, it is a lengthy process that drastically affects the energy yield, stability and, ultimately, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of installed systems.Despite the joint effort of many research groups, the root cause of the degradation is still unknown. Here, we provide an overview of the existing literature and describe key LeTID characteristics and how these have led to the development of various theories of the underlying mechanism. Further, given the continuously appearing and strong evidence of hydrogen involvement in LeTID, many mitigation methods concerning hydrogenation have been suggested. We discuss such reported methods, bearing in mind crucial consumer necessities in terms of sustained cell performance and minimised LCOE.

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“…Results for profiles #5 and SBS compared with results from literature that performed two sequential firing process with the same sample Author, C. E. Chan et al[156] and R. Sharma et al[167] …”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of impurities in the Brazilian solar grade silicon and LeTID investigations in p-type multi-Si

Knob¹

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KNOB, D. Evaluation of impurities of the Brazilian solar grade silicon and LeTID investigations in p-type multi-Si. 2019. 119 p. Thesis (Doctorate in Nuclear Technology-Materials)-Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares-IPEN-CNEN/SP. São Paulo The cost reductions and the environmental benefits aligned with global concerns about climate change have made solar photovoltaic technology the most installed source of energy in the power sector worldwide. Brazil has the largest know reserves of silicon in the world. Therefore, there is a huge potential for developing a national technology for purifying and manufacturing silicon wafers within an increasingly competitive and efficient photovoltaic industry. The IPEN initiative of investigating the production of metallic silicon and metallurgical route purification required a characterization of samples in different stages of production from quartz to wafer and understanding the characterization methods for silicon wafers taking into account the main defect mechanisms such as light-induced degradation. Metalic silicon is produced in IPEN via magnesiothermal reduction through acid leaching to form a metallurgical grade silicon with relatively low impurities. One more acid leaching step resulted in a specific ultrametallurgical grade silicon. The same acid leaching was processed in a commercially available Brazilian-made metallurgical grade silicon produced via carbothermal reduction. All samples impurities was measured by ICP-OES. The result is a material with ultra-metallurgical grade silicon content with excess of B and P. While wafer characterization was studied, an extensive investigation was taken on LeTID, which causes remain unknown, at Institute for Energy Technology, Norway. Neighboring high performance mc-Si p-type wafers were tested in different firing process conditions. The effects was investigated in terms of defects activation and a corresponding lifetime degradation and recovery at illuminated annealing. A sample with almost fully suppressed LeTID is shown. A new method have been proposed to separate Boron Oxygen-Light Induced Degradation effects of LeTID, enabling to measure even where it was thought to be fully suppressed. New models for LeTID defect formation and suppression are proposed. Both silicon purification and light-induced degradation characterization in mc-Si studies shows a wide range of research on new production routes that may require tailored processes of crystallization and solar cell manufacturing such as gettering and firing.

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Role of post-metallization anneal sequence and forming gas anneal to mitigate light and elevated temperature induced degradation of multicrystalline silicon solar cells

Cited by 13 publications

References 30 publications

A Long-Term Analysis of the Architecture and Operation of Water Film Cooling System for Commercial PV Modules

A Long-Term Analysis of the Architecture and Operation of Water Film Cooling System for Commercial PV Modules

Progress in the understanding of light‐ and elevated temperature‐induced degradation in silicon solar cells: A review

Evaluation of impurities in the Brazilian solar grade silicon and LeTID investigations in p-type multi-Si

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