Role of Platelet-Derived Microvesicles As Crosstalk Mediators in Atherothrombosis and Future Pharmacology Targets: A Link between Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Thrombosis

Abstract

Reports in the last decade have suggested that the role of platelets in atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications may be mediated, in part, by local secretion of platelet-derived microvesicles (pMVs), small cell blebs released during the platelet activation process. MVs are the most abundant cell-derived microvesicle subtype in the circulation. High concentrations of circulating MVs have been reported in patients with atherosclerosis, acute vascular syndromes, and/or diabetes mellitus, suggesting a potential correlation between the quantity of microvesicles and the clinical severity of the atherosclerotic disease. pMVs are considered to be biomarkers of disease but new information indicates that pMVs are also involved in signaling functions. pMVs evoke or promote haemostatic and inflammatory responses, neovascularization, cell survival, and apoptosis, processes involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. This review is focused on the complex cross-talk between platelet-derived microvesicles, inflammatory cells and vascular elements and their relevance in the development of the atherosclerotic disease and its clinical outcomes, providing an updated state-of-the art of pMV involvement in atherothrombosis and pMV potential use as therapeutic agent influencing cardiovascular biomedicine in the future.

The physiology of blood platelets and changes of their biological activities in multiple sclerosis

“…During activation of platelets microparticles (MPs) are released and are regard as a markers of platelet activation. Platelet MPs are the most abundant MPs found in the circulation (Badimon et al 2016, Ponomareva et al 2016, Papapanagiotou et al 2016, Boilard et al 2015, Varon et al 2015, and are potential mediators of blood coagulation by serving as circulating sources of tissue factor (TF) that is a transmembrane protein involved in thrombin generation. On the surface of MPs some quantity of phospatidylserine -a negatively charged aminophospholipid is exposed.…”

Polyphenols: Modulators of Platelet Function and Platelet Microparticle Generation?

“…Microparticles are released from all blood cells, however, PMPs make up to 60%-90% of all microparticles in circulation [5,26]. PMPs are like other extracellular vesicles such as exosomes and apoptotic bodies.…”

Platelets and Platelet‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Physiology and Disease

“…(58) Moreover, PEVs enhance the aggregation of neutrophils (60,61) and monocytes (62) in vitro and stimulate the maturation of dendritic cells, which can further activate T lymphocytes. (63,64) PEVs were shown to transport mitochondria, which may trigger leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium if they are released. (65) Finally, PEVs induce platelet adhesion to the endothelium through CD61 (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa) binding.…”