Role of Mixing and Milling in Mechanochemical Synthesis (Review)

Abstract

Selected topics of inorganic mechanochemical synthesis are discussed. Variant mechanochemical syntheses are considered. The ex situ and in situ/operando methods to monitor the process are discussed. Methods for controlling the yield and kinetics of the mechanochemical synthesis are considered. The challenges and possible ways to address them are discussed. Thermal and mechanochemical syntheses are compared, with a special focus on mixing and milling processes. We consider the effects of various types of mechanical treatment on individual particles and on their mixtures. A special attention is paid to the macrokinetics of mechanochemical synthesis and its role in mixing and milling. The basic assumptions that render a mathematical model capable of describing the macrokinetics of mechanochemical synthesis in solid + reactive gas and solid + solid systems are written.

Tribochemistry, Mechanical Alloying, Mechanochemistry: What is in a Name?

“…The added fluid phase can certainly influence the mobility of material (by improving rheology, or by completely transferring the process into a solution or a melt) (Boldyreva, 2013;Lapshin et al, 2021). Additional to its influence on material mobility, melting can also drive erosion in microparticle impact (Hassani-Gangaraj et al, 2018), or can hinder impact-induced adhesion (Hassani-Gangaraj et al, 2017;Lapshin et al, 2021). A fluid, irrespective of its origin, can create hydrothermal conditions (Temuujin et al, 1998a;Boldyrev, 2002), can modify the mechanical properties of the solids via the Ioffe (Ioffe, 1936), Roscoe (Roscoe, 1934), or Rehbinder (Rehbinder, 1947) effects (i.e.…”

“…Although the exact role of fluid phases in reactions that are assumed to occur in the solid state is not yet fully understood, various roles can be considered. The added fluid phase can certainly influence the mobility of material (by improving rheology, or by completely transferring the process into a solution or a melt) ( Boldyreva, 2013 ; Lapshin et al, 2021 ). Additional to its influence on material mobility, melting can also drive erosion in microparticle impact ( Hassani-Gangaraj et al, 2018 ), or can hinder impact-induced adhesion ( Hassani-Gangaraj et al, 2017 ; Lapshin et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Regardless, any “mixing assisted thermal reaction” will be to a large extent governed by macrokinetics, i.e. heat and mass transfer processes ( Urakaev and Boldyrev, 2000a ; Urakaev and Boldyrev, 2000b ; Delogu et al, 2003 ; Lapshin et al, 2021 ).…”

“…(III) Dominated by shear/friction: (from left to right ) mortar and pestle, rolling mill, and extruder. Figure adapted from Ref ( Lapshin et al, 2021 ).…”

Discrete One-Stage Mechanochemical Synthesis of Titanium-Nitride in a High-Energy Mill

“…Mechanochemical synthesis of inorganic substances is widely used to stimulate various solid-phase reactions and is a promising method to obtain superfine powders containing significant amounts of gaseous components. Synthesis stimulated by mechanical action has been the subject of numerous studies [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”