Role of metabolomics in identification of biomarkers related to food intake

Abstract

24Dietary assessment methods including food-frequency questionnaires and food diaries are 25 associated with many measurement errors including energy under-reporting and incorrect 26 estimation of portion sizes. Such errors can lead to inconsistent results especially when 27 investigating the relationship between food intake and disease causation. To improve the 28 classification of a person's dietary intake and therefore clarify proposed links between diet 29 and disease, reliable and accurate dietary assessment methods are essential. Dietary 30 biomarkers have emerged as a complimentary approach to the traditional methods and in 31 recent years, metabolomics has developed as a key technology for the identification of new 32 dietary biomarkers. The objective of this review is to give an overview of the approaches 33 used for the identification of biomarkers and potential use of the biomarkers. 34Over the years a number of strategies have emerged for the discovery of dietary biomarkers 35 including acute and medium term interventions and cross-sectional/cohort study approaches. 36Examples of the different approaches will be presented. Concomitant with the focus on single 37 biomarkers of specific foods there is an interest in development of biomarker signatures for 38 the identification of dietary patterns. In the present review we present an overview of the 39 techniques used in food intake biomarker discover and the experimental approaches used for 40 biomarker discovery and challenges faced in the field. While significant progress has been 41 achieved in the field of dietary biomarkers in recent years a number of challenges remain. 42Addressing these challenges will be key to ensure success in implementing use of dietary 43 biomarkers. 44 45 48 research. One of the areas with great expectations is the field of dietary biomarkers or food 49 intake biomarkers. The interest in these biomarkers stems from the need for objective 50 measures of dietary intake. The traditional methods such as food frequency questionnaires 51 (FFQs), 24 h recalls and food diaries are all associated with a number of well-defined 52 limitations including under-reporting, recall errors and difficulty in assessment of portion 53 sizes (1)(2)(3) . Currently dietary biomarkers include 24h urinary sodium, nitrogen and 54 sucrose/fructose for estimation of salt, protein and sugar intake (4)(5)(6)(7) . In recent years, the 55 concept of biomarkers reflecting specific food intake has emerged. To date a number of 56 putative biomarkers exist for the intake of a range of foods including but not limited to red 57 meat, coffee, nuts, wine, vegetables, legumes, citrus fruit, tea, sugar sweetened beverages (7-58 11) . While some confusion exists in the literature over classification of biomarkers into 59 recovery or concentration biomarkers we prefer to use the newly defined flexible 60 classification scheme for biomarkers related to food intake (12) . Food intake biomarkers are 61 single metabolites, or a combination of metabolites, reflecting ...

Urinary metabolic biomarkers of diet quality in European children are associated with metabolic health

“…Previous studies assessing the metabolic response of the body to diet have largely focused on specific foods groups, 6 yet humans eat a combination of foods that may have additive or interactive effects on human physiology. In our study, we assessed two diet quality indices to better describe the complexity of overall diet.…”

“…Urinary metabolic phenotypes carry rich information on environmental, lifestyle and nutritional exposures, physiological and metabolic status, and disease risks on an individual and population level. [5][6][7] Urine specimens have high concentrations of food-derived metabolites and studies have shown that urinary metabolic profiles could provide an objective measure of dietary intake. 8 Previous research identifying diet-related metabolic profiles, has largely focused on selected food groups including fruits, vegetables, meat and seafood, 5,[9][10][11][12] while dietary patterns and food processing are far less studied.…”

“…8 Previous research identifying diet-related metabolic profiles, has largely focused on selected food groups including fruits, vegetables, meat and seafood, 5,[9][10][11][12] while dietary patterns and food processing are far less studied. 6,7,13,14 Ultra-processed foods (UPFs), which are industrial formulations undergoing a series of physical and chemical processes and typically lack intact healthy food components and include various additives, can result to cumulative intake of salt, added sugars, and fats. 15 UPF consumption has been increasing worldwide [16][17][18][19] and, to our knowledge, no previous report exists on its metabolic signature.…”

Biomarkers of Nutrition and Health: New Tools for New Approaches

“…Metabolomics strategies, both targeted and untargeted, have clearly contributed to biomarker discovery of the last years and many reports provide the proof-of-principle of metabolomics being a key tool for nutrition research [30,213,214]. The comprehensive metabolite profiles (metabolome) can provide an overview of the metabolism with a level of description that transcends genetic information and more closely reflects the ultimate phenotype, thus helping to connect genotype to phenotype at the molecular level [210].…”

Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ion Mobility Separation-Quadruple Time-of-Flight MS (UHPLC-IMS-QTOF MS) Metabolomics for Short-Term Biomarker Discovery of Orange Intake: A Randomized, Controlled Crossover Study

“…Aside from specific compounds, in metabolomics the analytical platform used as well as the targeted or untargeted approaches, may have a role to play in identifying metabolites [ 31 ], each of these having a number of advantages and disadvantages [ 31 ]. Food is usually a complex and diverse mixture of components that could present a metabolic potential or not.…”